{"id":887,"date":"2026-04-17T18:15:01","date_gmt":"2026-04-17T14:45:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/04\/17\/%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%86\/"},"modified":"2026-04-17T18:15:01","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T14:45:01","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"geo-wrap\"><link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f7\/Museumsinsel_Berlin_Juli_2021_1_%28cropped%29_b.jpg\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n<figure class=\"geo-img-main\"><img src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f7\/Museumsinsel_Berlin_Juli_2021_1_%28cropped%29_b.jpg\" alt=\"\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" loading=\"eager\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"sync\" onerror=\"this.closest('figure').style.display='none'\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"geo-map-wrap\">\n<div class=\"geo-table-title\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/div>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/export\/embed.html?bbox=13.264375,52.4496875,13.545625,52.5903125&amp;layer=mapnik&amp;marker=52.52,13.405\" width=\"100%\" height=\"320\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<figure class=\"geo-img-locator\"><img src=\"https:\/\/staticmap.openstreetmap.de\/staticmap.php?center=52.52,13.405&amp;zoom=10&amp;size=600x300&amp;markers=52.52,13.405,red\" alt=\"\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" onerror=\"this.closest('figure').style.display='none'\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0640\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"geo-article\">\n<h2>\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n<p> \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a 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\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 303 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a 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<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/h2>\n<p> \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u062a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\/History\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631<\/h3>\n<p> \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1200 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1244\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1237. \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1415\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1701\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\/History\" title=\"1244|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f<\/h3>\n<p> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 (\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a). \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1961 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\/History\" title=\"1949|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p> \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3.7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/germany\/\" title=\"3.7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646|cia.gov\/the-world-factbook|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/h3>\n<p> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 20% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/germany\" title=\"20%|worldbank.org|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 42 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/country\/germany\" title=\"42 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b|un.org|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n<p> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Countries\/DEU\" title=\"\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645|imf.org|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 75 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/germany\" title=\"75 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648|worldbank.org|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n<p> \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 60% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/germany\/\" title=\"60%|cia.gov\/the-world-factbook|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 7.5% \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Countries\/DEU\" title=\"7.5%|imf.org|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/country\/germany\" title=\"\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644|un.org|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p> \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e (Senat) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 (Abgeordnetenhaus). <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\/Government\" title=\"\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p> \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 12 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 (Bezirke)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 &#8220;Rotes Rathaus&#8221; (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\/Government\" title=\"12 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/h3>\n<p> \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0643\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 (Senatoren) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 (Abgeordnetenhaus)\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\/Government\" title=\"\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p> \u062a\u0632\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\" title=\"\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u063a<\/h3>\n<p> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a (Brandenburger Tor) \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u063a (Reichstagsgeb\u00e4ude)\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Brandenburg-Gate\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n<p> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 (Museumsinsel) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (Berliner Dom) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Museum-Island\" title=\"\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<div class=\"inline-img\">\n<figure class=\"geo-img-inline\"><img src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/141227_Berliner_Dom.jpg\" alt=\"\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" onerror=\"this.closest('figure').style.display='none'\"><figcaption>\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 &quot;\u0625\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0627\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a&quot; (East Side Gallery)\u060c \u0627<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a (Memorial to the Jews of Europe)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 2711 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin-Wall\" title=\"\u0625\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0627\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p> \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\" title=\"\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[23]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/h3>\n<p> \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 (U-Bahn) \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a (S-Bahn) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 (Stra\u00dfenbahn) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (BVG) \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644. \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 150 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 173 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 300 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/germany\/\" title=\"150 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627|cia.gov\/the-world-factbook|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[24]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/h3>\n<p> \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a (BER)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Berlin\" title=\"\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a|britannica.com|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[25]<\/a><\/sup> \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 (Autobahn) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 5,400 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/germany\" title=\"5,400 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631|worldbank.org|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[26]<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n<p> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0640\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 &#8230; <a title=\"\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%86\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,55],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-45","category-55"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/887","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=887"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/887\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=887"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=887"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=887"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}