{"id":842,"date":"2026-04-15T15:47:04","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T12:17:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/04\/15\/%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7\/"},"modified":"2026-04-15T15:47:04","modified_gmt":"2026-04-15T12:17:04","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.geo-wrap{font-family:\"Cairo\",Arial,sans-serif;direction:rtl;text-align:right;max-width:860px;margin:0 auto;color:#222;line-height:1.9;overflow-x:hidden;word-break:break-word}.geo-wrap *{max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.geo-subtitle{font-size:1rem;color:#555;font-style:italic;margin:0 0 16px;padding:8px 14px;border-right:3px solid #2563eb;background:#f8faff;border-radius:0 6px 6px 0}.geo-img-main{margin:0 0 18px;text-align:center}.geo-img-main img{width:100%;max-height:400px;object-fit:cover;border-radius:8px;display:block;height:auto}.geo-img-main figcaption{font-size:.8rem;color:#777;margin-top:6px;text-align:center;font-style:italic}.geo-img-flag{float:left;margin:0 0 12px 16px;width:140px;text-align:center}.geo-img-flag img{width:100%;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:4px;height:auto}.geo-img-flag figcaption{font-size:.72rem;color:#999;margin-top:3px}.geo-intro{margin-bottom:20px;line-height:1.9}.geo-intro p{margin-bottom:12px;text-align:justify}.geo-wrap sup.ref{display:inline;vertical-align:super;font-size:.6em;line-height:1;margin:0 1px}.geo-wrap sup.ref a{color:#1d4ed8;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;background:#eff6ff;padding:1px 3px;border-radius:2px;border:1px solid #bfdbfe;white-space:nowrap}.geo-wrap sup.ref a:hover{background:#1d4ed8;color:#fff}.geo-table-wrap{margin-bottom:20px;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid #e5e7eb}.geo-table-title{background:#1e40af;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:700}.geo-info-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;overflow-wrap:break-word}.geo-info-table tr.geo-tg td{background:#1e3a8a;color:#e0e7ff;padding:7px 12px;font-size:.85rem;font-weight:700;border-bottom:1px solid #2d4fa0}.geo-info-table tr:not(.geo-tg){border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0}.geo-info-table tr:not(.geo-tg):nth-child(even){background:#fafafa}.geo-info-table th{padding:8px 12px;width:35%;color:#444;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:700;text-align:right;background:#f5f5f5;border-left:1px solid #eee}.geo-info-table td.geo-val{padding:8px 12px;color:#111;font-size:.85rem;text-align:right;overflow-wrap:break-word}.geo-map-wrap{margin-bottom:20px;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid #e5e7eb}.geo-map-wrap iframe{display:block;border:none;width:100%;height:280px}.geo-img-locator{margin:0 0 16px;text-align:center}.geo-img-locator img{max-width:100%;border-radius:6px;border:1px solid #ddd;height:auto}.geo-img-locator figcaption{font-size:.77rem;color:#999;margin-top:5px;font-style:italic}.geo-article{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.9;color:#1a1a1a;overflow-wrap:break-word}.geo-article h2{font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:800;color:#1e40af;margin:24px 0 10px;padding:8px 12px;border-right:4px solid #2563eb;background:#f8faff;border-radius:0 6px 6px 0}.geo-article h3{font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;color:#1e40af;margin:16px 0 8px;padding-right:10px;border-right:2px solid #93c5fd}.geo-article h4{font-size:.95rem;font-weight:600;color:#374151;margin:12px 0 6px;padding-right:8px;border-right:2px solid #ddd}.geo-article p{margin-bottom:12px;text-align:justify}.geo-article strong{color:#1e3a8a;font-weight:700}figure.geo-img-inline{margin:14px 0 16px;text-align:center}figure.geo-img-inline img{max-width:100%;border-radius:8px;display:block;margin:0 auto;height:auto}figure.geo-img-inline figcaption{font-size:.78rem;color:#777;margin-top:5px;font-style:italic;text-align:center}@media(max-width:600px){.geo-img-flag{float:none;width:100px;margin:0 auto 12px}.geo-article h2{font-size:1.05rem}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"geo-wrap\">\n<figure class=\"geo-img-main\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Uniegebou.jpg\" alt=\"\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\" loading=\"eager\" fetchpriority=\"high\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"geo-img-flag\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/flagcdn.com\/w640\/za.png\" alt=\"\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0640\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"geo-intro\">\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1855\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"\" title=\"1|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627|2022\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"\" title=\"2|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062c\u0644|2022\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644 economic\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 Universiti\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"\" title=\"3|\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632|2022\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"\" title=\"4|\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627|2022\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"\" title=\"5|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627|2022\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"\" title=\"6|\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b|2022\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"geo-table-wrap\">\n<div class=\"geo-table-title\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<table class=\"geo-info-table\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"7|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627|2022\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"8|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062c\u0644|2022\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">1855<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"9|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627|2022\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"10|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627|2022\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u063a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"11|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062c\u0644|2022\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">25.7462\u00b0 \u0633, 28.1876\u00b0 \u0634<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"12|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627|2022\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">1,644 \u0643\u0645\u00b2<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"13|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627|2022\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">1,370 \u0645\u062a\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"14|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062c\u0644|2022\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">2,9 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"15|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627|2022\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">3,2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"16|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627|2022\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<td class=\"geo-val\">1,800 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\/\u0643\u0645\u00b2<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"17|\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062c\u0644|2022\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"geo-map-wrap\">\n<div class=\"geo-table-title\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/div>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/export\/embed.html?bbox=28.01227431,-25.834001735,28.36383681,-25.658220485&amp;layer=mapnik&amp;marker=-25.74611111,28.18805556\" width=\"100%\" height=\"280\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<figure class=\"geo-img-locator\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/staticmap.openstreetmap.de\/staticmap.php?center=-25.74611111,28.18805556&amp;zoom=10&amp;size=600x300&amp;markers=-25.74611111,28.18805556,red\" alt=\"\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\" loading=\"lazy\" onerror=\"this.closest('figure').style.display='none'\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0640\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"geo-article\">\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"N|\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1855\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1\" title=\"N|\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3\" title=\"N|\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC\" title=\"N|\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u062c|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 18 \u064828 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A\" title=\"N|\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1,644 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2.9 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"N|\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A\" title=\"N|\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"N|\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A\" title=\"N|\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A\" title=\"N|\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"N|\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"N|\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"N|\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u064a \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84\" title=\"N|\u062d\u064a \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"N|\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF\" title=\"N|\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u0631<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0640\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 &#8230; <a title=\"\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":841,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,55],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-45","category-55"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/842","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=842"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/842\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/841"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=842"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=842"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=842"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}