{"id":579,"date":"2026-07-30T01:17:23","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T01:17:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=579"},"modified":"2026-08-09T00:40:33","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T00:40:33","slug":"portuguese-colonialism-in-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/30\/portuguese-colonialism-in-america\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n

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\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/h3>\n

\n\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u2014 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d (1394\u20131460 \u0645) \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 [5]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1419 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1488 \u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1498 \u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 “\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641” \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/h3>\n

\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629\u064e \u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633 (1494 \u0645) \u062e\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u2014 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a [6]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 (1500)<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1500 \u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644 (1467\u20131520 \u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0651 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 “\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d” (Monte Pascoal) \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0622\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a [7]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627: \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646” (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0633) \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n

\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u062f\u0650 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644: \u062e\u0634\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0648-\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644” (Pau-Brasil)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u062c\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644”. \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 [2]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1502 \u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1503 \u06481530 \u0645\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627) \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064e \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0638\u064e\u0651\u0645.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f (1530\u20131534)<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1530 \u0645\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633: \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u2014 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u2014 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1532 \u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a (\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644) [6]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1534 \u06481536 \u0645: \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 “\u0643\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629” (Capitania) \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627: \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646.\n<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/h3>\n

\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628: \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u064f\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1549 \u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631: \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u2014 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1570 \u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064e\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631 [3]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n

\n\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a “\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629” (France Antarctique) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1555 \u06481567 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a “\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629” (France \u00c9quinoxiale) \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1612 \u06481614 \u0645. \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1630 \u06481654 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629” \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0648. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1654 \u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a [6]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1549 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627” (Aldeias)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0650\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u062a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 “\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627” \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u2014 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062a\u0627<\/strong> (1534\u20131597 \u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627 (1608\u20131697 \u0645) \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u064f\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1759 \u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633: \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633<\/h3>\n

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\n\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1705 \u0645\u060c \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629. \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631.\n<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631. \u0641\u064f\u0636\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1700 \u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 [10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064f\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u062a\u0648 = 20% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062a \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1750 \u0645 [1]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0629\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0633 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1788\u20131789 \u0645\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640”\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627” (Inconfid\u00eancia Mineira). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0642\u0650\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0642\u064f\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0634\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0641\u0650\u0651\u0630 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0646\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 “\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0633” (Tiradentes \u0623\u064a “\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646”) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u064f\u0639\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u064f\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u062c\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f [5]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 (1808): \u062d\u062f\u062b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642<\/h2>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1807 \u0645\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 (\u0622\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0627) \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1808 \u0645 \u2014 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u2014 \u0631\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 [11]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/a>: \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644: \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 (\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1815 \u0645\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629” \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0641” \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644: \u0635\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627 (1822)<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648<\/h3>\n

\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1820 \u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1821 \u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1822 \u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648” (Fico) \u0623\u064a “\u0623\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627”\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 [12]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1822 \u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062d \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629:\n<\/p>\n

\n “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a! \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644!”
\n \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0635\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u060c 7 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1822 \u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1822 \u0645\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1825 \u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1889 \u0645 \u2014 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1888 \u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u062a. \u062e\u0627\u0636\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 “\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648” \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a \u2014 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a “\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 (1605\u20131694 \u0645).\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644: \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":582,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,5,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-modern-history","category-wars"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=579"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/579\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1794,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/579\/revisions\/1794"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/582"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=579"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=579"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}