{"id":537,"date":"2026-07-30T01:06:04","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T01:06:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=537"},"modified":"2026-07-31T15:44:16","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T15:44:16","slug":"chinese-ming-dynasty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/30\/chinese-ming-dynasty\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<article dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"ar\" style=\"font-family: &#039;Amiri&#039;, &#039;Scheherazade New&#039;, Georgia, serif;max-width: 960px;margin: auto;line-height: 1.95;color: #1a1a1a\">\n<section id=\"muqaddima\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-0\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" class=\"infobox-title\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u5927\u660e \u00b7 D\u00e0 M\u00edng)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0621 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0639 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1368 \u2013 1644 \u0645 (276 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a (\u5357\u4eac) 1368\u20131421 \u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 (\u5317\u4eac) 1421\u20131644 \u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648 (\u062c\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u063a) 1368\u20131398 \u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0634\u0646 1627\u20131644 \u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0622\u0644 \u062c\u0648 (\u6731\u6c0f)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">16 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 1271\u20131368 \u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0629 1644\u20131912 \u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 6,500,000 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Ming-dynasty\" title=\"1|Ming Dynasty|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 65\u201380 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 (1368 \u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 200 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 17 \u0645) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Ming_Dynasty\/\" title=\"2|Ming Dynasty|World History Encyclopedia|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u5b98\u8a71)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1368\u20131398 \u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u062d\u0650\u0651\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1402\u20131424 \u0645 \u2014 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1425\u20131435 \u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1572\u20131620 \u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645 (48 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627) \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a 1406\u20131420 \u0645\u060c 980 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 72 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628 (21,196 \u0643\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">7 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 1405\u20131433 \u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">22,937 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u2014 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a\u062f\u062a\u0634\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a (\u660e\u671d\u060c 1368\u20131644 \u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Ming_Dynasty\/\" title=\"2|Ming Dynasty|World History Encyclopedia|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u064f\u0635\u0641\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ming_dynasty\" title=\"3|Ming Dynasty|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0646.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"nushu\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-1\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-2\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1271\u20131368 \u0645)\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 &#8220;\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ming_dynasty\" title=\"3|Ming Dynasty|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0623\u0641\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621&#8221; (\u7ea2\u5dfe\u8ecd)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0625\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/ming-dynasty\" title=\"4|Ming Dynasty|HISTORY|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-3\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u062c\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u063a \u2014 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u063a (\u6731\u5143\u748b\u060c 1328\u20131398 \u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1344 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0632\u0651\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064a. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u062c\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1352 \u0645 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/ming-dynasty\" title=\"4|Ming Dynasty|HISTORY|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062c\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u062d \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1356 \u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1363 \u0645 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1368 \u0645 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0647 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-China\/The-Ming-dynasty\" title=\"5|History of China: The Ming Dynasty|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062c\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629&#8221; \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648 (\u6d2a\u6b66 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629&#8221;)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u063a-\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"hongwu\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-4\">\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-5\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 (1368\u20131398 \u0645) \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/human.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Art\/A_World_Perspective_of_Art_History:_1400CE_to_the_21st_Century_(Gustlin_and_Gustlin)\/01:_The_Changing_World_(1400-1600)\/1.05:_Ming_Dynasty_(1368-1644_CE)\" title=\"6|Ming Dynasty|Humanities LibreTexts|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 &#8220;\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621&#8221; (\u4e2d\u66f8\u7701) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u2014 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u2014 \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-6\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinasage.info\/ming-dynasty.htm\" title=\"7|Ming Dynasty|ChinaSage|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"yongle\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-7\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647: \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-8\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1398 \u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0650\u0646 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\u062c\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1402 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0650\u0646 \u2014 \u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u064b\u0627\u061f \u2014 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647 (\u6c38\u6a02 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u064a&#8221;) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Ming_Dynasty\/\" title=\"2|Ming Dynasty|World History Encyclopedia|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-9\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1421 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629: \u0641\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1406 \u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629&#8221; (\u7d2b\u7981\u57ce\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0646\u063a) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u064f\u064a\u0650\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/human.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Art\/A_World_Perspective_of_Art_History:_1400CE_to_the_21st_Century_(Gustlin_and_Gustlin)\/01:_The_Changing_World_(1400-1600)\/1.05:_Ming_Dynasty_(1368-1644_CE)\" title=\"6|Ming Dynasty Architecture|Humanities LibreTexts|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0631\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0650\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1912 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uen.pressbooks.pub\/arth2720\/chapter\/ming-dynasty\/\" title=\"8|Ming Dynasty Forbidden City|Renaissance Contemporary Art|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-10\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647 \u2014 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1403 \u0645\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1408 \u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 &#8220;\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647&#8221; (\u6c38\u6a02\u5927\u5178) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinahighlights.com\/travelguide\/china-history\/the-ming-dynasty.htm\" title=\"9|Ming Dynasty|China Highlights|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"zhenghe\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-11\">\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a: \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-12\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a (\u912d\u548c\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1371\u20131433 \u0645). \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064f\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0637\u064f\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0647 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/article\/1334\/the-seven-voyages-of-zheng-he\/\" title=\"10|The Seven Voyages of Zheng He|World History Encyclopedia|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1402 \u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649: \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639&#8221; (\u671d\u8ca2\u5236\u5ea6 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629) \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0639\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1405 \u0645\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u2014 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u2014 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-13\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1405 \u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621&#8221;. \u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632&#8221; (\u5bf6\u8239B\u01ceochu\u00e1n) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u2014 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u2014 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/zheng-he-seven-voyages\/\" title=\"11|The Seven Voyages of Zheng He|The Collector|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629: \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1492 \u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a \u2014 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631&#8221; <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mingdynastyhistory.com\/zheng-he-7-voyages-timeline\/\" title=\"12|Zheng He Voyages Timeline|Ming Dynasty History|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-14\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u2014 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1405 \u06481433 \u0645\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647. \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 (1417\u20131433 \u0645) \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u063a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afe.easia.columbia.edu\/special\/china_1000ce_mingvoyages.htm\" title=\"13|The Ming Voyages|Columbia University Asia for Educators|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u063a\u0651\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a: \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0640&#8221;\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629: \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0622\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0648\u062d\u0634 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/factsanddetails.com\/china\/cat2\/4sub8\/entry-7443.html\" title=\"14|Zheng He Expeditions|Facts and Details|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-15\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1433 \u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0647\u064a <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/history-magazine\/article\/china-zheng-he-naval-explorer-sailed-treasure-fleet-east-africa\" title=\"15|Zheng He Naval Explorer|National Geographic|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 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\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645: \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644. \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629&#8221; (\u4e00\u689d\u97ad\u6cd5) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ming_dynasty\" title=\"3|Ming Dynasty Economy|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062b\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u062c\u0631 &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-18\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u2014 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a\u062f\u062a\u0634\u0646 (\u666f\u5fb7\u93ae) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0634\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1368 \u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/ming-dynasty\" title=\"4|Ming Dynasty Porcelain|HISTORY|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0628\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-19\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0626\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0632\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinahighlights.com\/travelguide\/china-history\/the-ming-dynasty.htm\" title=\"9|Ming Dynasty Great Wall|China Highlights|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-20\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u0636\u062c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a: &#8220;\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628&#8221; (\u897f\u904a\u8a18 \u0634\u064a \u064a\u0648 \u062c\u064a) \u0644\u0648\u0648\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0622\u0646 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0629 &#8220;\u0635\u0646 \u0648\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621&#8221; (\u6c34\u6ef8\u50b3 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646) \u0644\u0634\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Ming_Dynasty\/\" title=\"2|Ming Dynasty Literature|World History Encyclopedia|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"inhiyar\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-21\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-22\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0644\u064a (\u842c\u66c6\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 1572\u20131620 \u0645) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u2014 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1587 \u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/end-ming-dynasty\" title=\"16|End of Ming Dynasty|EBSCO Research Starters|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-23\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u064a (\u5929\u555f\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 1620\u20131627 \u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631 <strong>\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/strong> (\u9b4f\u5fe0\u8ce2\u060c 1568\u20131627 \u0645). \u0623\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646&#8221; (\u6771\u6797\u9ee8) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0630\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ming_dynasty\" title=\"3|Ming Dynasty Decline|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u2014 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-24\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221; (Little Ice Age) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0651\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/chapter\/fall-of-the-ming-dynasty\/\" title=\"17|Fall of Ming Dynasty|Lumen Learning|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0639\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0647\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637. \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0642\u064e\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0647\u064e\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0642\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0646.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"sokoot\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-25\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0639\u0627\u0645 1644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-26\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1629 \u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 <strong>\u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a<\/strong> (\u674e\u81ea\u6210\u060c 1605\u20131645 \u0645). \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1644 \u0645\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0648\u0646&#8221; (\u9806\u671d) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0622\u0646&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0631 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing\" title=\"18|Transition from Ming to Qing|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1644 \u0645 \u2014 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u064f\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647 \u2014 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064d \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0634\u0646 (\u5d07\u798e\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 1627\u20131644 \u0645) \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0646 (\u6885\u5c71) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0646\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: &#8220;\u0625\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0627\u062e\u0630 \u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a&#8221; <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/factsanddetails.com\/china\/cat2\/sub4\/entry-7444.html\" title=\"19|Decline and Fall of Ming Dynasty|Facts and Details|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-27\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0645 <strong>\u0648\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0648\u064a<\/strong> (\u5433\u4e09\u6842\u060c 1612\u20131678 \u0645) \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631&#8221;. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0651\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/manchus-seize-beijing\" title=\"20|Manchus Seize Beijing|EBSCO Research Starters|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1644 \u0645\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 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