{"id":4620,"date":"2026-08-30T09:40:52","date_gmt":"2026-08-30T09:40:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=4620"},"modified":"2026-08-30T09:52:44","modified_gmt":"2026-08-30T09:52:44","slug":"mathematical-functions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/30\/mathematical-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1837 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644. [1]<\/a><\/sup>[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nMathematical Functions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/td>\nf(x)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649<\/td>\n\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/td>\n\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629<\/td>\n\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n(fg)(x)=f(x)g(x)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n(f\u2218g)(x)=f(g(x))<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0646 A<\/i> \u0648B<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 f<\/i> \u0645\u0646 A<\/i> \u0625\u0644\u0649 B<\/i> \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 f:A\u2192B<\/i>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 x<\/i> \u0641\u064a A<\/i> \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 f(x)<\/i> \u0641\u064a B<\/i>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. [3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a f(x)=x\u00b2<\/i>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a x<\/i> \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 2 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u06404\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u22122 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u06404. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649<\/h2>\n

\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 f(A)={f(x):x\u2208A}<\/i> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 A<\/i> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. [4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a f:R\u2192R<\/i> \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 f(x)=x\u00b2<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 R<\/i> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 R<\/i>\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 f(x)<\/i> \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 f<\/i> \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 x<\/i>. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a f(x)=3x+2<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 f(4)=14<\/i>. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0640f<\/i> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 f(4)<\/i> \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 4. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 f:x\u21a6f(x)<\/i> \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629. [5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 (x,y)<\/i>. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a f<\/i> \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 A<\/i> \u0625\u0644\u0649 B<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (x,f(x))<\/i> \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644 x\u2208A<\/i> \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062e\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 x<\/i> \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0640y<\/i>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. [6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 Th\u00e9orie analytique de la chaleur<\/i> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1822\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0647. [9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1837 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b. [10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/h2>\n

\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 [0,1] \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1837. [11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 f(x)=c<\/i>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b c<\/i> \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a f(x)=5<\/i> \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 x<\/i> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 f(x)=ax+b<\/i>. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f a<\/i> \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 b<\/i> \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 ax+b<\/i>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 ax<\/i> \u0641\u0642\u0637\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n

f(x)=ax\u00b2+bx+c<\/i><\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b a\u22600<\/i>. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 a<\/i> \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644:<\/p>\n

f(x)=a\u2099x\u207f+a\u2099\u208b\u2081x\u207f\u207b\u00b9+…+a\u2081x+a\u2080<\/i><\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648n<\/i> \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n

f(x)=P(x)\/Q(x)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645 x<\/i> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 Q(x)<\/i> \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u221ax<\/i>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 f(x)=\u221ax<\/i> \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 [0,\u221e)<\/i> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a f(x)=a\u02e3<\/i> \u062d\u064a\u062b a>0<\/i> \u0648a\u22601<\/i>. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 a>1<\/i> \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 0<a<1<\/i> \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a f(x)=a\u02e3<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a f\u207b\u00b9(x)=log\u2090x<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 log\u2090x<\/i> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f a<\/i> \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 x<\/i>. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628 sin x<\/i>\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 cos x<\/i>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644 tan x<\/i>\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 f<\/i> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 T<\/i> \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b:<\/p>\n

f(x+T)=f(x)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645 x<\/i> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 f(\u2212x)=f(x)<\/i> \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645 x<\/i> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 y<\/i>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 f(\u2212x)=\u2212f(x)<\/i>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 x\u00b2<\/i> \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 x\u00b3<\/i> \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 f(x\u2081)<\/i> \u0648f(x\u2082)<\/i> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 x\u2081<x\u2082<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 f(a)=f(b)<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 a=b<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 A<\/i> \u0625\u0644\u0649 B<\/i> \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a B<\/i> \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 A<\/i>. \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646:<\/p>\n

f(A)=B<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a f:A\u2192B<\/i> \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 f\u207b\u00b9:B\u2192A<\/i> \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n

f\u207b\u00b9(f(x))=x<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648:<\/p>\n

f(f\u207b\u00b9(y))=y<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 f(x)=2x+3<\/i>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0627 f\u207b\u00b9(x)=(x\u22123)\/2<\/i> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a g:A\u2192B<\/i> \u0648f:B\u2192C<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628:<\/p>\n

(f\u2218g)(x)=f(g(x))<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646 f\u2218g<\/i> \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 g\u2218f<\/i>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a f<\/i> \u0648g<\/i> \u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646:<\/p>\n

(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648:<\/p>\n

(fg)(x)=f(x)g(x)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648:<\/p>\n

(f\/g)(x)=f(x)\/g(x)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645 x<\/i> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 g(x)=0<\/i>. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n

f(x,y)=x\u00b2+y\u00b2<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b (x,y)<\/i> \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n

r(t)=(x(t),y(t),z(t))<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 t<\/i> \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a f:C\u2192C<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 f<\/i> \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f a<\/i> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n

lim(x\u2192a) f(x)=f(a)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629. [12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 x<\/i> \u0645\u0646 a<\/i> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645 f(x)<\/i> \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f L<\/i>\u060c \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0628:<\/p>\n

lim(x\u2192a)f(x)=L<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 x<\/i> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f:<\/p>\n

f'(x)=lim(h\u21920)[f(x+h)\u2212f(x)]\/h<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. [13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1872 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642. [14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 f(x)=1\/x<\/i> \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f x=0<\/i>. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 R{0}<\/i>. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n

f(x)=x<\/i> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 x\u22650<\/i>\u060c \u0648f(x)=\u2212x<\/i> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 x<0<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 |x|<\/i>. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 A<\/i> \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 0 \u06481 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

\u03c7A(x)=1<\/i> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 x\u2208A<\/i>\u060c \u0648\u03c7A(x)=0<\/i> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 x\u2209A<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1838\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a. [15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 f<\/i> \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 f’<\/i>. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00ab\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a (x,y)<\/i> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 T:V\u2192W<\/i> \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a scalars\u060c \u0623\u064a:<\/p>\n

T(u+v)=T(u)+T(v)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648:<\/p>\n

T(cu)=cT(u)<\/i><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n

y’=ky<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 y=Cekx<\/sup><\/i> \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a. [16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

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