{"id":4616,"date":"2026-08-30T09:38:47","date_gmt":"2026-08-30T09:38:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=4616"},"modified":"2026-08-30T09:39:01","modified_gmt":"2026-08-30T09:39:01","slug":"set-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/30\/set-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nSet Theory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/td>\n\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1879\u20131884 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a Mathematische Annalen<\/i> \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \uea013\uea02[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629. \uea014\uea02[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \uea015\uea02[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A = {1,2,3}<\/i> \u0648B = {3,2,1}<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 A = B<\/i>\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 Axiom of Extensionality<\/i>. \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627. \uea016\uea02[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u2205<\/i>. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648\u2013\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629: \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A<\/i> \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u2205 \u2286 A<\/i>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646. \uea017\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 A<\/i> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 B<\/i> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 A<\/i> \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 B<\/i>. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0640 A \u2286 B<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A = {1,2}<\/i> \u0648B = {1,2,3,4}<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 A \u2286 B<\/i>. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A \u2286 B<\/i> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 A \u2260 B<\/i>\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 A<\/i> \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 B<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A<\/i> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640 \ud835\udcab(A)<\/i>\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 A<\/i>. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A = {a,b}<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646:<\/p>\n

\ud835\udcab(A) = {\u2205,{a},{b},{a,b}}<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A<\/i> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a n<\/i> \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0649 A<\/i> \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a 2n<\/sup><\/i> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648\u2013\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \uea018\uea02[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 A<\/i> \u0648B<\/i> \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 A<\/i> \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 B<\/i> \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0640 A \u222a B<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A = {1,2,3}<\/i> \u0648B = {3,4,5}<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646:<\/p>\n

A \u222a B = {1,2,3,4,5}<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648\u2013\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629. \uea019\uea02<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0640 A \u2229 B<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A = {1,2,3}<\/i> \u0648B = {2,3,4}<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646:<\/p>\n

A \u2229 B = {2,3}<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 A<\/i> \u0648B<\/i>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640 A B<\/i>\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 A<\/i> \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 B<\/i>. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 U<\/i>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0629 A<\/i> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 U<\/i> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a U<\/i> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a A<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u2115 = {0,1,2,3,…}<\/i> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 1\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 convention \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 n \u21a6 2n<\/i> \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

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\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629: A<\/i>\u060c \u062b\u0645 \ud835\udcab(A)<\/i>\u060c \u062b\u0645 \ud835\udcab(\ud835\udcab(A))<\/i>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u00ab\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

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\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

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\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a A<\/i> \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a n<\/i> \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \ud835\udcab(A)<\/i> \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a 2n<\/sup><\/i> \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629. \uea0120\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648\u2013\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \uea0121\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u03c6(x)<\/i> \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 {x : \u03c6(x)}<\/i> \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a. \uea0122\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648\u2013\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628. \uea0123\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648\u2013\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629. \uea0124\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062e\u2013\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a ZF\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f. \uea0125\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 ZF \u0648ZFC<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 ZF \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648\u2013\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 ZFC \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f ZFC \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u2208<\/i>. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629. \uea0126\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0627\u064b: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \uea0127\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

0 = \u2205<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 1 \u0647\u0648:<\/p>\n

1 = {\u2205}<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2 \u0647\u0648:<\/p>\n

2 = {\u2205,{\u2205}}<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 (a,b)<\/i> \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 (b,a)<\/i> \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a:<\/p>\n

(a,b) = {{a},{a,b}}<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 (a,b)<\/i> \u0648(c,d)<\/i> \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 a = c<\/i> \u0648b = d<\/i>. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 A<\/i> \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 A<\/i>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062f\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a ZFC \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n

2\u2135\u2080<\/sup> = \u2135\u2081<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1940 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639 ZF \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a ZF \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1963 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 ZFC \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 ZFC \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 ZFC \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u00ab\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u00bb \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u2013\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0632\u2013\u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 (NBG) \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0633\u2013\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a (MK)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0638\u0644 ZFC \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \uea0128\uea02<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ZF \u0648ZFC \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 1850 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1930 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \uea0129\uea02<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

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<\/h2>\n

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