{"id":4546,"date":"2026-08-28T13:26:37","date_gmt":"2026-08-28T13:26:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=4546"},"modified":"2026-08-28T13:26:37","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T13:26:37","slug":"pi-number","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/28\/pi-number\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u03c0<\/em>\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u03c0 = C\/d<\/em>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b C<\/em> \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648d<\/em> \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u03c0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u064e\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u03c0 \u2248 3.141592653589793…<\/em>\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u03c0 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064d\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0630\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629. [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632<\/td>\n\u03c0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nPi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n3.14159265358979323846…<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/td>\n\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n22\/7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/td>\nC = 2\u03c0r = \u03c0d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/td>\nA = \u03c0r\u00b2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633<\/td>\n\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u03c0<\/td>\n\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c 1761\/1768<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 1882<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 d<\/em> \u0648\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u0627 C<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 C\/d<\/em> \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u03c0. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 r<\/em> \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n

C = 2\u03c0r<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n

C = \u03c0d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n

A = \u03c0r\u00b2<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u03c0\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0636\u064f\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 k<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u0627 C<\/em> \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 d<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 k<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d kC<\/em> \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 kd<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

kC\/kd = C\/d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u03c0 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u03c0 \u0628\u0640:<\/p>\n

3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510…<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u03c0\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u03c0 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a. [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0644 \u03c0 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 22\/7\u061f<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 22\/7<\/em> \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u03c0\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u064a \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 22\/7<\/em> \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 3.142857142857…<\/em>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u03c0 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 3.141592653589…<\/em>. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 22\/7<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 22\/7<\/em> \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u03c0 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u03c0 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 1650 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u03c0 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 256\/81<\/em>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 3.16049<\/em>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u03c0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629. [3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 3 + 1\/8 = 3.125<\/em>. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u03c0 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646. [4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u03c0<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u03c0. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/em> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0623\u0646:<\/p>\n

223\/71 < \u03c0 < 22\/7<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u03c0 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a. [5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 96 \u0636\u0644\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u03c0. [6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u03c0. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u03c0r<\/em> \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 r<\/em>. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629:<\/p>\n

A = \u03c0r \u00d7 r = \u03c0r\u00b2<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u03c0 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u03c0<\/em> \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 2\u03c0<\/em> \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646:<\/p>\n

sin(2\u03c0) = 0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648:<\/p>\n

cos(2\u03c0) = 1<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 2\u03c0<\/em> \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u03c0<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 2\u03c0r<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644:<\/p>\n

2\u03c0r\/r = 2\u03c0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u03c0 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0648\u0633:<\/p>\n

\u222b\u2212\u221e<\/sub>\u221e<\/sup> e\u2212x\u00b2<\/sup> dx = \u221a\u03c0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u03c0<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n

\u222b\u2212\u221e<\/sub>\u221e<\/sup> e\u2212x\u00b2<\/sup> dx<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u03c0\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u221a\u03c0<\/em>. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 r dr d\u03b8<\/em> \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 [0,2\u03c0]<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0633<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u03c0 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a-\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0633:<\/p>\n

\u03c0\/4 = 1 \u2212 1\/3 + 1\/5 \u2212 1\/7 + 1\/9 \u2212 …<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

\u03c0 = 4(1 \u2212 1\/3 + 1\/5 \u2212 1\/7 + …)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 arctan(x)<\/em> \u0639\u0646\u062f x=1<\/em>. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u03c0.<\/p>\n

\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631:<\/p>\n

ei\u03c0<\/sup> + 1 = 0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629: e<\/em>\u060c \u0648i<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u03c0\u060c \u06481\u060c \u06480. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n

eix<\/sup> = cos(x) + i sin(x)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 x = \u03c0<\/em> \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 cos(\u03c0) = \u22121<\/em> \u0648sin(\u03c0)=0<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 ei\u03c0<\/sup>=\u22121<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u03c0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u03c0<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 p\/q<\/em> \u062d\u064a\u062b p<\/em> \u0648q<\/em> \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0648q \u2260 0<\/em>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u03c0 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064d \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. [7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 tan(x)<\/em>. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u03c0 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u03c0 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u03c0<\/h2>\n

\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u03c0. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1882 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u03c0 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064d. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0630\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u03c0 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0631\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629. [8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u00ab\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 r<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u03c0r\u00b2<\/em>. \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 s<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646:<\/p>\n

s\u00b2 = \u03c0r\u00b2<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645:<\/p>\n

s = r\u221a\u03c0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u03c0\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u064f\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. [9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u03c0<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u03c0<\/em> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u03c0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u03c0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n

V = 4\u03c0r\u00b3\/3<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n

S = 4\u03c0r\u00b2<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629:<\/p>\n

V = \u03c0r\u00b2h<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637:<\/p>\n

V = \u03c0r\u00b2h\/3<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u03c0 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u03c0.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u03c0 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u03bc<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u03c3<\/em> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n

f(x) = 1\/(\u03c3\u221a(2\u03c0)) \u00b7 e\u2212(x\u2212\u03bc)\u00b2\/(2\u03c3\u00b2)<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u221a(2\u03c0)<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0648\u0633. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u03c0 \u00ab\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u00bb\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0647 convention \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u03c0. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0647:<\/p>\n

F(\u03c9) = \u222b\u2212\u221e<\/sub>\u221e<\/sup> f(x)e\u2212i\u03c9x<\/sup> dx<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 2\u03c0<\/em>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u03c0 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u03c0 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n

1 + 1\/2\u00b2 + 1\/3\u00b2 + 1\/4\u00b2 + … = \u03c0\u00b2\/6<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u03c0 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u03c0<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n

\u03b6(2) = \u03c0\u00b2\/6<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u03c0. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u03c0<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u03c0 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628. \u0641\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a-\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0633 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u03c0 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u03c0 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u03c0 \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u03c0\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. [10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u03c0 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u03c0 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u03c0 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u03c0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u03c0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064d\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u00bb. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u03c0 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u03c0 \u0643\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u03c0 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a: \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u03b6(2)=\u03c0\u00b2\/6<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u03c0 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u03c0 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u061f\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u061f\u00bb \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u061f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u064a \u03c0<\/em> \u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 3.141592653589793…<\/em>. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u03c0 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. [11]<\/a><\/sup> [12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u03c0: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0638\u0644 \u03c0\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633\u060c On the Measurement of the Circle<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627. [13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Lambert, Johann Heinrich\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u03c0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. [14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Lindemann, Ferdinand von\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u03c0 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1882\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. [15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Wolfram MathWorld\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 Pi<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. [16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

British Museum\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. [17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4548,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-basic-sciences"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4546"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4547,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4546\/revisions\/4547"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4548"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}