{"id":4536,"date":"2026-08-28T13:24:01","date_gmt":"2026-08-28T13:24:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=4536"},"modified":"2026-08-29T06:43:47","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T06:43:47","slug":"mathematical-logic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/28\/mathematical-logic\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nMathematical Logic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nBegriffsschrift \u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0647\u060c 1879<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n\u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644\u060c 1929\u20131930<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n\u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644\u060c 1931<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/td>\nElliott Mendelson, Introduction to Mathematical Logic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/td>\nHeinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus, J\u00f6rg Flum & Wolfgang Thomas, Mathematical Logic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/td>\nGottlob Frege, Begriffsschrift\u060c 1879<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a<\/h2>\n

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\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637. [9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0641\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u2013\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1930\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c. [10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. [11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1931 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a Principia Mathematica<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. [12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u00bb\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. [13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n

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\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1931. [15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u00bb \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u061f\u00bb. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1936 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u063a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629. [17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 Entscheidungsproblem<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0627. [18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. [19]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u2013\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1940 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. [20]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0649\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00ab\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u00bb. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628. \u0641\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/h2>\n

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\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. [21]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649. [22]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. [23]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u00ab\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0648\u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642. \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a Principia Mathematica<\/em>. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. [24]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Principia Mathematica<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 Principia Mathematica<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 1910 \u06481913\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1929 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627. [25]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u061f\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u061f\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u061f\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u061f\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u061f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u00ab\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00bb\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

Elliott Mendelson\u060c Introduction to Mathematical Logic<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0641\u0647 Springer \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629. [26]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus\u060c J\u00f6rg Flum\u060c Wolfgang Thomas\u060c Mathematical Logic<\/em>\u060c Springer\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629. [27]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Hans Hermes\u060c Introduction to Mathematical Logic<\/em>\u060c Springer\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. [28]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

A. H. Lightstone\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 H. B. Enderton\u060c Mathematical Logic: An Introduction to Model Theory<\/em>\u060c Springer\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. [29]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Gottlob Frege\u060c Begriffsschrift<\/em>\u060c 1879\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644. [30]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Kurt G\u00f6del\u060c \u00ab\u00dcber formal unentscheidbare S\u00e4tze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I\u00bb\u060c 1931\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a. [31]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Alfred Tarski\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629. [32]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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