{"id":4530,"date":"2026-08-28T13:22:07","date_gmt":"2026-08-28T13:22:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=4530"},"modified":"2026-08-28T13:22:07","modified_gmt":"2026-08-28T13:22:07","slug":"theory-of-probability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/28\/theory-of-probability\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nProbability Theory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n\u0645\u0646 0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/td>\n\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c 1933<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/td>\nIsaac Todhunter, A History of the Mathematical Theory of Probability, 1865<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/td>\nA. N. Kolmogorov, Foundations of the Theory of Probability, 1933<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a<\/td>\nStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Interpretations of Probability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

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\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629. [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1657 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0646\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0646\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 Ars Conjectandi<\/em> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1713\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a. [4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 The Doctrine of Chances<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1718\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. [4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u00bb. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1763\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. [5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 A<\/em> \u0648B<\/em> \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 P(B) > 0<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n

P(A|B) = P(A \u2229 B) \/ P(B)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632:<\/p>\n

P(A|B) = P(B|A)P(A) \/ P(B)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644: \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u061f [6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 Th\u00e9orie analytique des probabilit\u00e9s<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1812\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646. [7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. [8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1933 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Foundations of the Theory of Probability<\/em>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. [9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a (\u03a9, F, P)<\/em>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u03a9<\/em> \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 F<\/em> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 P<\/em> \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. [10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u03a9<\/em> \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 P<\/em> \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

P(A) \u2265 0<\/em><\/p>\n

P(\u03a9) = 1<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 A\u2081, A\u2082, …<\/em>:<\/p>\n

P(\u222a A\u1d62) = \u03a3 P(A\u1d62)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 P(\u2205)=0<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 P(A\u1d9c)=1\u2212P(A)<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. [11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 A<\/em> \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 A<\/em> \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 P(B) > 0<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646:<\/p>\n

P(A|B) = P(A \u2229 B) \/ P(B)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627\u0646 A<\/em> \u0648B<\/em> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n

P(A \u2229 B) = P(A)P(B)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u00ab\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 X<\/em> \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n

E[X] = \u03a3 x P(X=x)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

Var(X) = E[(X \u2212 E[X])\u00b2]<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1713. [12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a. [13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644. [14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. [15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1933 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. [16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0641<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0641. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u00ab\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 x\u2081, x\u2082, …, x\u2099<\/em> \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a p\u2081, p\u2082, …, p\u2099<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n

E[X] = \u03a3 p\u1d62x\u1d62<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. [19]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629: \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1933. \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. [20]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

Isaac Todhunter, A History of the Mathematical Theory of Probability from the Time of Pascal to that of Laplace<\/em>, Macmillan and Company, 1865. [21]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

A. N. Kolmogorov, Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung<\/em>, Springer, 1933\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. [22]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Danielle Macbeth, \u00abChance Combinatorics: The Theory that History Forgot\u00bb\u060c Perspectives on Science<\/em>, MIT Press, 2023. [23]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u00abInterpretations of Probability\u00bb\u060c Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/em>\u060c Stanford University\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644. [24]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u00abA short history of probability theory and its applications\u00bb\u060c International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology<\/em>, Taylor & Francis, 2014. [25]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4529,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4530","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-basic-sciences"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4530","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4530"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4530\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4531,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4530\/revisions\/4531"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4530"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4530"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4530"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}