{"id":4109,"date":"2026-08-23T14:30:08","date_gmt":"2026-08-23T14:30:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=4109"},"modified":"2026-08-27T00:02:02","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T00:02:02","slug":"communism-historically","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/23\/communism-historically\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.[1]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/a>.[1]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0631 “\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1848\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 (1818 \u2013 1883\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 (1820 \u2013 1895\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c 1848\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1917\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/a><\/td>\n1922\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1953\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1949\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/a><\/td>\n1991\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/a><\/td>\n\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/a><\/td>\n\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/a> (1924 \u2013 1953\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/a><\/td>\n\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633<\/h2>\n

\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1516\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.[2]<\/a><\/sup> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646” \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a.[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632: \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1818\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1841\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.[3]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u064f\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1844\u0645. \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629” (\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1845 \u06481846\u0645)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 “\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1867\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.[3]<\/a><\/sup> \u0641\u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u064a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 “\u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d”\u060c \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064e \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627.[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062c\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0632\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 “\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627.[3]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 “\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628” \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0651\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629.[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627” \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a.[3]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647.
\n\u2014 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u060c 1875\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1895\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 “\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646” \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0632\u0639\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u060c \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a” \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629”. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061f” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1902\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 “\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629” \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 “\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641” \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1916\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1917\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0644\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.[4]<\/a><\/sup> \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 (\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f) 1917\u0645\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a” \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644.[4]<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628”\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631” \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1921\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f.[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/h2>\n

\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/a> \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1938\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1940\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646.[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f”\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.[6]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062c\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643”\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1932 \u06481933\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635.[6]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/a>.[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0624\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.
\n\u2014 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1930\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u0645\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0640”\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/a>“\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a.[6]<\/a><\/sup> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 “\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641” \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.[6]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645” \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1958 \u06481960\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629” \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1966 \u06481976\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.[6]<\/a><\/sup> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a.[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1874\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0646 “\u062a\u0630\u0648\u0628” \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627.[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/a> \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1956\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/a> \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u062d \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u062a” (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d) \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627” (\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0650 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u0645.[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/h2>\n

\n\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u0645.[7]<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627.[1]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646.[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4108,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4109"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4476,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4109\/revisions\/4476"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4108"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}