{"id":3665,"date":"2026-08-21T15:13:45","date_gmt":"2026-08-21T15:13:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=3665"},"modified":"2026-08-21T15:13:45","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T15:13:45","slug":"%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%87%d9%88%d8%ba%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/21\/%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%87%d9%88%d8%ba%d9%88\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n\u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nVictor-Marie Hugo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Notre-Dame de Paris<\/em>\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1831. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1828 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1830 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1831.[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/em> \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1862\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/em> \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/em> \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/em> \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0648<\/em>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n

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\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/h2>\n

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\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a 22 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1885. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

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