{"id":3058,"date":"2026-06-15T14:55:01","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T11:25:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=3058"},"modified":"2026-06-15T14:55:01","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T11:25:01","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u00bb (The Great War) \u0648\u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u00bb \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u2014 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u064c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1914 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/World-War-I\" title=\"1|World War I|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1914\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/article\/2814\/assassination-of-archduke-franz-ferdinand\/\" title=\"2|Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0633-\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/world-war-i-history\" title=\"3|World War I|History.com|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1914\u20131918)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">World War I \/ The Great War \/ La Grande Guerre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">28 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1914 \u2013 11 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918 (4 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u06483 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u064814 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (\u062d\u062a\u0649 1917)\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 (\u0645\u0646 1915)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 1917)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1914)\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0645\u0646 1915)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0641 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0647 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0641\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0634 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062b \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0634 \u062b\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u063a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a (\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0643)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \/ \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \/ \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">9,000,000 \u2013 11,000,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">6,000,000 \u2013 10,000,000 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">21,000,000 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">20,000,000 \u2013 50,000,000 (1918\u20131919)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0646\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 65,000,000 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">2,000,000 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1,700,000 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1,400,000 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1,100,000 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1916 \u2014 700,000 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u2013 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1916 \u2014 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1,000,000 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1914 \u2014 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1915\u20131916 \u2014 250,000 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u2013\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1916 \u2014 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">23 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1914 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">8 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1918 \u2014 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">11 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 11:00 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">28 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1919 \u2014 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0650\u0651\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0633-\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1916 \u2014 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">2 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1917 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-0\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-1\">\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1914 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u2014 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u00ab\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u00bb: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628\u062a \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u00bb (La Belle \u00c9poque \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644). \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1848 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0642\u0638\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1905) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1911) \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644: \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1900 \u06481914 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/online.norwich.edu\/six-causes-world-war-i\" title=\"4|Six Causes of World War I|Norwich University|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-2\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1879 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a (Dual Alliance)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1882 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a (Triple Alliance)\u061b \u062b\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 1887. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1890 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0628\u062d\u062b\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1894 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a \u2014 Entente Cordiale \u2014 1904) \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (1907) \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633\u0629\u064b \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u00bb (Triple Entente). \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u00bb (The Sleepwalkers)\u060c \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 1914 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fascinatingworld.org\/post\/why-world-war-i-did-not-really-begin-with-franz-ferdinand-s-assassination\" title=\"5|Why WWI Did Not Really Begin with Franz Ferdinand|Fascinating World|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-3\">\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u064e\u0651\u0637\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1905\u060c \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646: \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d 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\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1914 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a. \u0645\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/article\/2814\/assassination-of-archduke-franz-ferdinand\/\" title=\"2|Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-6\">\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u2014 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627 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\u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historysearch.org\/2026\/03\/the-assassination-of-franz-ferdinand.html\" title=\"6|The July Crisis 1914|History Search|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-7\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-8\">\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a 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\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0647\u062f \u2014 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b (5\u201312 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631). \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u00ab\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u00bb \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/history\/first-world-war\/western-front\" title=\"7|Western Front|Imperial War Museums|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-9\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u2014 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642\u00bb (Trench Foot) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0626\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u0630\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062b\u062b \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0642\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645\u061b \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062b\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb (No Man&#8217;s Land) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064e\u064a\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629\u00bb (Shell Shock) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 (PTSD)\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064c \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u00bb. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a (Fire Trench) \u0648\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 (Support Trench) \u0648\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637 (Reserve Trench) \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u0651\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0633\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a: \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u063a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/chapter\/29-3-4-trench-warfare\/\" title=\"8|Trench Warfare|Lumen Learning \u2014 World History|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-10\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2014 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0623\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1915\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0631 (Ypres) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u2014 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064f\u0641\u0631\u063a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0635\u0631\u062e \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0644 (Mustard Gas) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1917 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1916 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u00ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 I\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0632 \u2014 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629: \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 (dogfight) \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1918 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0629 (U-Boot) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1917 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-11\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u00ab\u0645\u0637\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u00bb<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1916\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641\u00bb (Ausbulting Strategie): \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u00ab\u0625\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a\u00bb \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a: \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1916 \u2014 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0638\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2014 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u00ab\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0648\u063a\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00abIls ne passeront pas\u00bb (\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627) \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/december-18\/battle-of-verdun-ends\" title=\"9|Battle of Verdun Ends|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-12\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621\u064b<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1916 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u2014 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u2014 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0635\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1916 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/chapter\/29-3-4-trench-warfare\/\" title=\"8|Trench Warfare|Lumen Learning|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-13\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-14\">\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1914\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a (26\u201330 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u064f\u062d\u064a\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641\u00bb (Brusilov Offensive) \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0641 1916 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1917 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a-\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1918 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u064f\u0630\u0650\u0644\u0651\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnova.com\/world-history\/world-war-i\/\" title=\"10|World War I Complete Guide|IAS NOVA|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-15\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-16\">\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1914\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u00bb (Hundred Days Offensive) \u064a\u062f\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a.\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-27\">\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u2014 \u0648\u0636\u062e\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646.\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-31\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1918\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0650\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u2014 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0645\u064f\u0636\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 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(1918\u20131919) \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1919 \u0625\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/virus.stanford.edu\/uda\/\" title=\"11|The 1918 Influenza Pandemic|Stanford University|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-32\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-33\">\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1918 \u2014 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u2014 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649: \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645). \u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 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\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u00bb: \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 (\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627)\u060c \u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c (\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627)\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648 (\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627)\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 (\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627). \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629: \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/article\/2801\/woodrow-wilsons-fourteen-points\/\" title=\"12|Woodrow Wilson&#039;s Fourteen Points|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-34\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a \u2014 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1919 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00bb (1919) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0623 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0633\u062e\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0642\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629: \u00ab\u0633\u0646\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646\u00bb. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/world-war-i-history\" title=\"3|World War I|History.com|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-35\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646-\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1919) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u064b (\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631). \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 (1920) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u064e\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0631 (1920) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0651\u0642\u062a 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\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 (1917) \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u064c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062d\u064a\u0645\u0647.\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-36\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u0650\u062c \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647: \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u00abDulce et Decorum Est\u00bb \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632: \u00ab\u0644\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629 \/ \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u064f\u0644\u0639 \/ \u064a\u0644\u0637\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a \/ \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u0631\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062d\u064a\u0645\u00bb\u061b \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u00ab\u062d\u0644\u0648\u064c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u0643\u00bb. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u00bb (Im Westen nichts Neues \u2014 1929) \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u062a \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u064c \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0626\u0645\u061b \u0628\u0650\u064a\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1933. \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u00bb (Le Feu \u2014 1916) \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639\u0647.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnova.com\/world-history\/world-war-i\/\" title=\"10|World War I Complete Guide|IAS NOVA|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-40\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u064a 1919: 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\u0632\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u00ab\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0647. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0646\u0627 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\u0648\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3057,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3058","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-hurub-wal-maarik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3058","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3058"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3058\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3059,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3058\/revisions\/3059"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3057"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3058"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3058"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3058"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}