{"id":3052,"date":"2026-06-15T14:51:50","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T11:21:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=3052"},"modified":"2026-06-15T14:51:50","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T11:21:50","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0640(Thirty Years’ War \/ Drei\u00dfigj\u00e4hriger Krieg \/ Guerre de Trente Ans) \u2014 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1618 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1648\u060c \u062e\u064a\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f.
\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>
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\n[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1618\u20131648)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nThirty Years’ War \/ Drei\u00dfigj\u00e4hriger Krieg (\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1618 \u2013 1648 (\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 (\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639<\/td>\n\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u2014 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1618\u20131625 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1625\u20131629 \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1630\u20131635 \u2014 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1635\u20131648 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 (\u0622\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646) + \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 + \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 + \u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f + \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 + \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 + \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 + \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 (\u0645\u0646 1635)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u2014 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0634\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u2014 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1634<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u2014 \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0646 1632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648<\/td>\n\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u2014 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n8,000,000 \u2013 12,000,000 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u2014 \u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0650\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 3 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 800,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643<\/td>\n24 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1648 \u2014 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n24 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1648 \u2014 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 + \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0650\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n109 \u0648\u0641\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\n[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/h3>\n

\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u2014\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0648 (1545\u20131563) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f (Counter-Reformation) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0622\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064f \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u061b \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1619 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u2014 \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645.
\n[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (1618\u20131625)<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a \u2014 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1618\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u062f\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u064a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u2014 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u00bb (Defenestration of Prague). \u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1419 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1620 \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 (White Mountain) \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a \u062d\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b.
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631<\/h3>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 (1625\u20131629)<\/h2>\n

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\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (1630\u20131635)<\/h2>\n

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\n[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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