{"id":3043,"date":"2026-06-15T14:46:48","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T11:16:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=3043"},"modified":"2026-06-15T14:46:48","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T11:16:48","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991.
\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u2014 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u062c\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1986 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 70,000 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.
\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u00ab\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u062f\u0646\u0627\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 (1947\u20131991)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d<\/td>\n\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0644 (1945) \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1947)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1947 \u2013 25 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991 (44 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648 (\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 1949)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648 (\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 1955)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633<\/td>\n1945\u20131949 \u2014 \u064a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631<\/td>\n1950\u20131962 \u2014 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n1963\u20131979 \u2014 \u062f\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 SALT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1979\u20131985 \u2014 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n1985\u20131991 \u2014 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0631\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0648\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n5 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1946 \u2014 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0634\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n12 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1947 \u2014 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n1948\u20131949<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n29 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1949<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n4 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1957<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n16\u201328 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1962<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n9 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1989<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/td>\n25 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 1986)<\/td>\n\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 70,000 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0646\u062d\u0648 8 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 (\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 5 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 (\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/td>\n15 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 + 6 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648 + \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1917 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u064e \u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629. \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1918\u20131920 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639 \u0636\u062f \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631.
\n[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u064a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u2014 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n

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\n[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1947\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0651\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1948. \u0636\u062e\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u00ab\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u0646\u062d\u0648 13 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0649: \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u00bb (COMECON) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0647. \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a (NATO) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1949 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1955 \u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.
\n[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/h3>\n

\n\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064b \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1948\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u00bb (Berlin Airlift) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0629\u064b 2.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629. \u0631\u064f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1949 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627.
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n

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\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n

\n\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 (Mutually Assured Destruction \u2014 MAD) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0650\u0639\u0629: \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643. \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 1986\u060c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u064f\u062b\u0628\u064e\u0651\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a: \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 SALT I \u0639\u0627\u0645 1972 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 SALT II \u0639\u0627\u0645 1979 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 INF \u0639\u0627\u0645 1987 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637.
\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1962\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 U-2 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u064f\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u00abExComm\u00bb \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0651\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a. \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064e \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u00bb \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0641\u061b \u0633\u064f\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627.
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0631\u064f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u00bb \u2014 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 B-59 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0646\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u00ab\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u2014 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645.\u00bb
\n\u2014 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0632\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1963<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

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\n[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n

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\n[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0628\u064a\u0646 1989 \u06481991\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628. \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1990 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0646: \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0634\u0651\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1991\u060c \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u2014 \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u2014 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062e\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0651\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u00bb. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991\u060c \u0623\u0630\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0650\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629.
\n[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n

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