{"id":2994,"date":"2026-06-15T14:12:24","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T10:42:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2994"},"modified":"2026-06-15T14:12:24","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T10:42:24","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<article>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064f (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629: <em>\u039a\u03c5\u03f8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u2014 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\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u0651 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627 (<em>Gandhara Art<\/em>) \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 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rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 375\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631.\n<\/p>\n<p><!-- ====== \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633 ====== --><\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0648 (<em>Kushano<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a (<em>\u8cb4\u971c \u2014 Guishuang<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0643\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0627 \/ \u0628\u0648\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a (\u06421\u0645) \u2190 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627 (\u0628\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631) \/ \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u2190 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627 (\u06423-4\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d. 127\u0645) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 127\u0645) \u2014 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062d. 30\u0645 \u2014 \u0643\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0626\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062d. 105 \u2013 250\u0645 \u2014 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062d. 375\u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0628\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062d. 345 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (30 \u2013 375\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0643\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0633 (\u062d. 25 \u2013 85\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648 (\u062d. 80 \u2013 105\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0633 (\u062d. 105 \u2013 127\u0645) \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0651 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u062d. 127 \u2013 151\u0645) \u2014 \u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u062d. 190 \u2013 225\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 (\u062d. 350 \u2013 375\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062d. 2,000,000 \u2013 3,500,000 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kushan_Empire\" title=\"4|Kushan Empire Area|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062c \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u2014 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u2014 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u2014 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u2014 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u2014 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0641\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u2014 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0627 \u2014 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ====== \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 ====== --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-0\">\u0661. \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0626\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0626\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Yuezhi)\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u2014 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0645\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 (\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646). \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0626\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 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\u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632.\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-1\">\u0662. \u0643\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0626\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0633 (Kujula Kadphises) \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0627.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/kushan-empire\/\" title=\"6|Kujula Kadphises Kushan Founder|Vajiramandravi|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b &#8220;\u063a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627&#8221; \u2014 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u2014 \u0645\u064f\u0632\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062b\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0643\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627&#8221; \u2014 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064d \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u064d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u064d \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0645\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647.\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-2\">\u0663. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0633 (Vima Kadphises \u2014 \u062d. 105-127\u0645) \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u064d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633. \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642\u064d \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062e\u0636\u0650\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062c. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064c \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (<em>Aureus<\/em>)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a \u2014 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0646\u062f\u064a \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Kushan_Empire\" title=\"7|Vima Kadphises Gold Coins|New World Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628: 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\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (Kanishka I \u2014 \u062d. 127-151\u0645) \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064d \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 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class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Kaniska\" title=\"8|Kanishka I Biography|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0633 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a) \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062b \u2014 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u064c \u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u2014 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u0637 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-boundless-worldhistory\/chapter\/the-kushan-empire\/\" title=\"11|Kushan Empire Silk Road Trade|Lumen Learning|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a 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\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064d \u064a\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0646: &#8220;\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0643.&#8221;<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/quotes\/7052666-kushan-coins-bore-greek-or-kharoshthi-script-along-with-images\" title=\"12|Kushan Coins Silk Road|Goodreads - James Millward The Silk Road|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 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\u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 224-226\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0648-\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u2014 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629\u064d \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historyguild.org\/the-kushan-empire\/\" title=\"15|Kushan Empire Decline Sasanians Guptas|History Guild|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0644\u0639\u062a \u063a\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 (&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636&#8221; \u2014 Hepthalites) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 375\u0645.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Kidarites)\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629\u064c \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 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id=\"koz-h-11\">\u0661\u0662. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064e 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