{"id":2991,"date":"2026-06-15T14:10:43","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T10:40:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2991"},"modified":"2026-06-15T14:10:43","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T10:40:43","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%88%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%88%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u064f (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629: Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk<\/em>)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0629\u064d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (VOC) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064e \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064e \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064d \u062a\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631)\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 (\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (VOC) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1669\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064d \u0648\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0626\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064c \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u064d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0650 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a (Corporate Colonialism) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (VOC) \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (GWC) \u2014 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u062d\u0642 \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064c \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0634\u062a\u0649: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0642\u0629\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629\u064f \u0633\u062c\u0644\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0650\u0651\u064a\u062f\u0650\u0631\u0644\u064e\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u0643 (Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (1581-1795) \u2190 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 (1815-\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n\u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 (\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b) \u2014 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627\u064a (\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639<\/td>\n1595\u0645 \u2014 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 VOC<\/td>\n20 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1602\u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 GWC (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n1621\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n1602-1700\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 VOC<\/td>\n1799\u0645 (\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n17 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1945\u0645 (\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064c \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b 1949\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n25 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1975\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VOC<\/td>\n\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 (1602-1799\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GWC<\/td>\n\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (1621-1792\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640 VOC (1669\u0645)<\/td>\n150 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2014 40 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2014 50,000 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u2014 10,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064d\u0651 [4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u062d\u0650\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0640 VOC<\/td>\n~\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062d\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 200 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u2014 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d VOC \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n18% \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 200 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627) \u2014 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 (\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627) \u2014 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 (\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627) \u2014 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 (\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627<\/td>\n\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u2014 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 (\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643) \u2014 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0648 \u2014 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u2014 1602\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/td>\n\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u2014 1609\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\nVOC \u2014 1602\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645<\/td>\nVOC \u2014 1602\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0661. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a: \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064c \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/h2>\n

\n\u062a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 41,500 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640”\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1581\u0645 \u2014 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0640”\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b” (1568-1648\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u061f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0639\u062f\u0629: \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062f \u2014 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u064e \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064d \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0640”\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0647” (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u2014 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640”\u0641\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062a” (Fluyt) \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0647\u064e\u062c: \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0635 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627.[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\u0662. \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (VOC): \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u064d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 VOC \u0628\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u2014 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a VOC \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064d \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 (1602\u0645) \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u2014 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u2014 \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629\u064b \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1609\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u2014 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629.[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a VOC \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 18% \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064c \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1637\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 7.9 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u2014 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064c \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a FAANG \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 VOC \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631” (Heren XVII<\/em>) \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062e\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064d \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (Gouverneur-Generaal<\/em>) \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 (\u062c\u0627\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629) \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0643\u064a.\n<\/p>\n

\u0663. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a: \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 (Jan Pieterszoon Coen)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064c \u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1619\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 (\u062c\u0627\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629) \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1942\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

\u0665. \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 1621\u0645: \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/h2>\n

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\n“\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u064c\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0644 \u0646\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064d \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u0648\u0637\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0623\u062a\u0645\u061f”
\n\u2014 \u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c 1621\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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\n\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 “\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645” (New Amsterdam) \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 “\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f” (New Netherland) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631 (\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629) \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a: \u0633\u064f\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064c \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1664\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 “\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643” (New York) \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1673\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0647\u0627 “\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c” \u0644\u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1674\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

\u0668. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633: \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\n\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 (“\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0631” \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631) \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062e\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 (Boers) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0631 \u2014 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629” (Afrikaans<\/em>). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u063a\u0634\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

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\u0669. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0648-\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n

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\u0661\u0660. \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064b<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0623\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1863\u0645 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064c \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u064c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (1833\u0645) \u2014 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629… \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645! \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u064e\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0636\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.\n<\/p>\n

\u0661\u0661. \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 VOC \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 VOC \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u064d \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064d \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0635\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u064d \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0648-\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (1780-1784\u0645) \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627.[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1799\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 VOC \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0626\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646). \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1815\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\u0661\u0662. \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n

\n\u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1945\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0647\u062a\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0641\u062f\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064c \u0628\u064a\u0646 1945 \u06481949\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0626\u0629\u064d \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064e \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u064d \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628\u064d \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1949\u0645.[16]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

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\u0661\u0663. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0651\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2990,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,165],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-duwal-wal-imbaraturiyat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2991","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2991"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2991\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2992,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2991\/revisions\/2992"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2990"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2991"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}