{"id":2916,"date":"2026-06-14T13:34:53","date_gmt":"2026-06-14T10:04:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2916"},"modified":"2026-06-15T13:30:58","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T10:00:58","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<article>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064f (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629: <em>\u0418\u0445 \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b \u0423\u043b\u0441<\/em> \u2014 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\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633-\u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1368\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0632\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<p><!-- ====== \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633 ====== --><\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u064a\u0650\u0643\u0650\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633 (<em>Yeke Mongol Ulus<\/em>) \u2014 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645 (Karakorum) \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1206\u0645 \u2014 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1260-1294\u0645 (\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1480\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646) \u2014 \u062d. 1162 \u2013 25 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1227\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062e\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646 (Khagan) \u2014 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a (1229-1241) \u2014 \u0643\u064a\u0648\u0643 (1246-1248) \u2014 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0647 (1251-1259)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646 (1260-1294\u0645) \u2014 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (1256-1265\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">~33,000,000 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Mongol_Empire\" title=\"4|Mongol Empire Area|New World Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">~24,000,000 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0628 (\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 (Yassa) \u2014 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 (Yam) \u2014 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a-\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0644 (\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062f 1204\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1271-1368\u0645 \u2014 \u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1256-1335\u0645 \u2014 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1242-1480\u0645 \u2014 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064a (\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1226-1363\u0645 \u2014 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\"><em>\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0634\u064a<\/em> \u2014 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064d \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a (\u062d. 1240\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062a. 1318\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 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\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649&#8221; (\u064a\u0650\u0643\u0650\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064f\u0651 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mongol-empire\" title=\"7|Mongol Empire Foundation 1206|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0628\u064e\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a (&#8220;\u0643\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0643&#8221;) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064e\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064e \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649&#8221; (<em>Yeke Yasa<\/em>) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 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(&#8220;\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0629&#8221;).<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historycooperative.org\/mongol-empire-genghis-khan\/\" title=\"8|Mongol Empire Yassa Legal Code|History Cooperative|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-3\">\u0664. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064e\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mongol-empire\" title=\"11|Mongol Conquest of Khwarezm|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0643 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0641\u0623\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u2014 &#8220;\u062c\u0650\u0628\u0650\u0647&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a&#8221; \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064d 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\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647.\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-5\">\u0666. \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621: \u0623\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b 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\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1237 \u06481242\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1240\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 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\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u2014 \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1241\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historycooperative.org\/mongol-empire-genghis-khan\/\" title=\"12|Mongol Invasion Europe|History Cooperative|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-6\">\u0667. \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f 1258\u0645: \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 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\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1256\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0646&#8221;) \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064b&#8221;. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u2014 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629\u064d \u063a\u064a\u0631 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\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Baghdad\" title=\"13|Siege of Baghdad 1258|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1258\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064e \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064d 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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u064f\u0631\u062c \u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064f\u0628\u064e\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u064f\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.deremilitari.org\/RESOURCES\/SOURCES\/baghdad.htm\" title=\"14|Sack of Baghdad Mongols Sources|De Re Militari|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f 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1260\u0645: \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1260\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u063a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 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\u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 &#8220;\u0643\u0650\u062a\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0642\u0627&#8221; \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064f\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0629\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647: &#8220;\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064c\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647\u061f&#8221; \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mongol-empire\" title=\"15|Battle of Ain Jalut|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-8\">\u0669. \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 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\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064d \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fastercapital.com\/content\/Pax-Mongolica--Pax-Mongolica--The-Era-of-Peace-and-the-Flourishing-Silk-Route.html\" title=\"16|Pax Mongolica Silk Road|FasterCapital|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 (<em>Yam<\/em>)\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u064c \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064d 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\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 &#8220;\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0648\u064e\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0647. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1271\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 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\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0633. \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1295\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1335\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629):<\/strong> \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064e\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1480\u0645.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/decline-of-genghis-khan-empire\/\" title=\"18|Mongol Empire Four Khanates Decline|The Collector|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064a (\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 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