{"id":2913,"date":"2026-06-14T13:33:49","date_gmt":"2026-06-14T10:03:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2913"},"modified":"2026-06-14T13:33:49","modified_gmt":"2026-06-14T10:03:49","slug":"%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<article>\n<p>\n\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629: <em>Manden Kurufaba<\/em>)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u064f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Musa-I-of-Mali\" title=\"3|Musa I of Mali|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u064d \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627&#8221; (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631) \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0651\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u063a\u0627&#8221; \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Mansa_Musa_I\/\" title=\"4|Mansa Musa I|World History Encyclopedia|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p><!-- ====== \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633) ====== --><\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \/ \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0628\u0627 (<em>Manden Kurufaba<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \/ \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \/ \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0631 (\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u2014 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a (\u062f\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647) \u2014 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u2014 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0627 \/ \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 1235\u0645 \u2014 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 1645\u0645 (\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062a\u064c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 400 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 (Keita)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 (Mansa) \u2014 &#8220;\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 (\u062d. 1217 \u2013 \u062d. 1255\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u062d. 1280 \u2013 \u062d. 1337\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u062d. 1341 \u2013 \u062d. 1360\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">~1,300,000 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 (\u0646\u062d\u0648 500,000 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thinkafrica.net\/empire-of-mali\/\" title=\"5|Mali Empire Area|Think Africa|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">~20 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 400 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u2014 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u2014 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u063a\u0627 (Kouroukan Fouga) \u2014 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1235\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a (1332-1406\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a 1352-1353\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u064216)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0648 (Griot) \u2014 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 (\u06426 \u2013 \u064213\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a (\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064215\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ====== \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 ====== --><\/p>\n<h2>\u0661. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a: \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621\u064f \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064d\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627). \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u2014 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u063a\u0633\u062a&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645 1076\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0648) \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0639\u0627\u0646.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u2014 \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0651\u0644\u064e \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064d \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064d \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Sundiata_Keita\/\" title=\"6|Sundiata Keita|World History Encyclopedia|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0662. \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1217\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064d \u0647\u0648 &#8220;\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0647&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 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\u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0642\u064e\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u064d \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u063a\u0641\u064d \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0641.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064e \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0641\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0641\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062b\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u064d \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aaregistry.org\/story\/sundiata-keita-hero-of-the-mali-empire\/\" title=\"7|Sundiata Keita Hero of Mali|African American Registry|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627) \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1235\u0645\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u064e \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062e\u062a\u0647 &#8220;\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064d \u062f\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064f\u0646\u0651\u062e \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0645\u064d \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u064e \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 &#8220;\u0641\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0645\u0627&#8221; (\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643) \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Kirina\" title=\"8|Battle of Kirina|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1255\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u064c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0645\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645 1240\u0645. \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u063a\u0627&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0663. \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u063a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u063a\u0627 (Kouroukan Fouga) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1235\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064d \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kouroukan_Fouga\" title=\"9|Kouroukan Fouga Constitution|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u063a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 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\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mises.org\/mises-wire\/mali-empire-african-story-gold-and-greatness\" title=\"10|Mali Empire African Story Gold Greatness|Mises Institute|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0665. \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u062d. 1280 \u2013 \u062d. 1337\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1312\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1307\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 400 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Musa-I-of-Mali\" title=\"11|Musa I Wealthiest Person History|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0645\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642: \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0631&#8221; (Djinguereber) \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064e\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0644\u064d\u0651. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a (Sankore) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Musa-I-of-Mali\" title=\"12|Mansa Musa Timbuktu Mosques|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0666. \u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649: \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0627\u064b<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1324\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u064e\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u061b \u0641\u062c\u0628\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0645\u0646 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\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064e\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Mali_Empire\/\" title=\"15|Mali Empire Economy Trade|World History Encyclopedia|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0644\u062d \u062a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/study.com\/learn\/lesson\/the-mali-empire.html\" title=\"16|Mali Empire Governance|Study.com|2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0632\u064e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a\u064d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 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\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064d \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0622\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/orias.berkeley.edu\/resources-teachers\/travels-ibn-battuta\/journey\/journey-mali-1350-1351\" title=\"17|Ibn Battuta Journey to Mali|ORIAS Berkeley|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u062c\u0632\u0621\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u064c \u062d\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0661\u0661. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337\u0645\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1341-1360\u0645) \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0641\u0624\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u062d\u0651\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064d \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/originalpeople.org\/mali-empire\/\" title=\"18|Mali Empire Decline|Originalpeople.org|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f\u0639\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064d \u0623\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1433\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0651\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0627\u064b.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.africarebirth.com\/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-mali-empire\/\" title=\"19|Rise and Fall Mali Empire Plague|Africa Rebirth|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 &#8220;\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0647.&#8221; \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0661\u0662. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631&#8221; (1464-1492\u0645)\u060c \u0632\u062d\u0641\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0635\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1464\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1468\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1473\u0645\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0635\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0628\u062d \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Mali_Empire\/\" title=\"20|Mali Empire Decline Songhai|World History Encyclopedia|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1534\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u064a: \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u064e\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u2014 \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1645\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0661\u0663. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064d \u062c\u0644\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a 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\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk\/article\/section\/african-history\/the-mali-empire\/\" title=\"21|Mali Empire Timbuktu Scholarship|Black History Month UK|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sahistory.org.za\/article\/empire-mali-1230-1600\" title=\"22|Empire of Mali 1230-1600|South African History Online|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u064b 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2914,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,165],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2913","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-duwal-wal-imbaraturiyat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2913","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2913"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2913\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2915,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2913\/revisions\/2915"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2913"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2913"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2913"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}