{"id":2906,"date":"2026-08-17T15:01:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T15:01:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2906"},"modified":"2026-08-19T00:01:57","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T00:01:57","slug":"%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%88-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/17\/%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%88-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a<\/h1>\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/em>. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1844\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy<\/em> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. [6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1851 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1852 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u062a\u0647. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/em> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0642<\/em> \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645<\/a>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0627<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a 23 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 1862. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645\u0627 48 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f. [7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

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\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/em> \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy<\/em> \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a. [8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/em> \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1875 \u06481877. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/em> \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0641\u0642\u0637\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/em> \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a. [9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/em> \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0636\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1901 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 Tolstoy in Context<\/em> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. [10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627. \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u061f<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/em> \u0648\u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/em>\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b<\/em> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633<\/em> \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0632\u0631<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0642\u0635\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634<\/em> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064d \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b<\/em> \u0639\u0627\u0645 1899\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/em> \u0648\u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0650\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. [11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0623\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d Tolstoy in Context<\/em> \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. [12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1901 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\/\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1910 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a 28 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\/\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648. [13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a 7 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1910 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 20 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a. \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. [14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a 7 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1910 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629. [15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627<\/h2>\n

\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062e\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647. [16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/h2>\n

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