{"id":2852,"date":"2026-06-13T13:29:30","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:59:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2852"},"modified":"2026-06-13T13:29:30","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:59:30","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 (1642-1651\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0632\u00bb (Cavaliers) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0632\u00bb (Roundheads) \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/English-Civil-Wars\" title=\"1|English Civil Wars|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629\u061f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u061f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u061f \u2014 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0646\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1649\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b\u00bb (Commonwealth)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a. \u062e\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 (Protectorate) \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1658\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1660\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u00bb (Restoration). \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Glorious Revolution) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1688\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 (Bill of Rights) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1689\u0645. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0636\u062c\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientwarhistory.com\/the-english-civil-war-revolution-regicide-and-the-birth-of-constitutional-monarchy\/\" title=\"2|The English Civil War: Revolution, Regicide, and the Birth of Constitutional Monarchy|Ancient War History|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">English Civil War \/ Wars of the Three Kingdoms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">22 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1642 \u2013 3 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1651\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631: 1642-1646 \/ 1648-1649 \/ 1649-1651<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2014 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0632) \u2014 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0632) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Covenanters) \u2014 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a (\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0632)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u063a\u0648 (\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0631)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1642 \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">2 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1644 \u2014 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0632\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">14 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1645 \u2014 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">3 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1651 \u2014 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">30 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1649\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1649-1653\u0645 \u2014 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 (Protectorate)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1653-1659\u0645 \u2014 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 (Restoration)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1660\u0645 \u2014 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1688\u0645 \u2014 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 (\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 180,000 \u0648200,000 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 (\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a: \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1603-1625\u0645) \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u2014 \u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 (Divine Right of Kings): \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u2014 \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u2014 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0635\u062f\u0649\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a: \u0641\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u00bb \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u2014 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u2014 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1625-1649\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/article\/1946\/petition-of-right\/\" title=\"3|Petition of Right|World History Encyclopedia|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Church of England) \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u062c\u062f\u0644: \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Episcopalianism) \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0622\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a (Puritan) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u2014 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u063a\u0629\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062f (Archbishop Laud) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u2014 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1637\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646\u00bb (Covenanters)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0644\u0642.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/schoolhistory.co.uk\/notes\/english-civil-war\/\" title=\"4|English Civil War|School History|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a: \u0637\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1629\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f: \u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0637\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629\u00bb (Eleven Years&#8217; Tyranny) \u0645\u0646 1629\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1640\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f: \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646\u00bb (Ship Money) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1634\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0622\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (Magna Carta\u060c 1215\u0645) \u0642\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/about\/living-heritage\/evolutionofparliament\/parliamentaryauthority\/civilwar\/overview\/petition-of-right\/\" title=\"5|Charles I and the Petition of Right|UK Parliament|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0646 (Hampden&#8217;s Case\u060c 1637\u0645) \u2014 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0647\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/brewminate.com\/roundheads-and-cavaliers-the-english-civil-wars-1642-1651\/\" title=\"6|Roundheads and Cavaliers: The English Civil Wars|Brewminate|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1640\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u00bb (Short Parliament) \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1640\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u00bb (Long Parliament) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u2014 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1660\u0645. \u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1641\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1641\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064e \u0628\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u00bb (Grand Remonstrance)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u00bb (Nineteen Propositions) \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/English-Civil-Wars\/The-first-English-Civil-War-1642-46\" title=\"7|English Civil Wars: The First Civil War|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1642\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646. \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647: \u00ab\u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0651\u062a\u00bb (I see the birds have flown). \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0630\u0643\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1642\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/english-civil-wars\" title=\"8|English Civil Wars \u2014 Causes, Timeline &amp; Results|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1642-1646\u0645)<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1642-1646\u0645) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2014 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1642\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u061b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1642\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 60,000 \u064870,000 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/English-Civil-Wars\/The-first-English-Civil-War-1642-46\" title=\"7|English Civil Wars: The First Civil War|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0651\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634.\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1643\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u00bb (Solemn League and Covenant) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647. \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 21,000 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1644\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631 (Marston Moor) \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0623\u0628 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nam.ac.uk\/explore\/battle-naseby\" title=\"9|Battle of Naseby|National Army Museum|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0632\u0628\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1644\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1645\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u00bb (Self-Denying Ordinance) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0632\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb (New Model Army): \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0646\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Model_Army\" title=\"10|New Model Army|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1645\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0632\u0628\u064a (Naseby) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 14,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 7,000 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a. \u0623\u064f\u0642\u062d\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 4,000 \u06485,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0646\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u2014 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishbattles.com\/english-civil-war\/battle-of-naseby\/\" title=\"11|Battle of Naseby|British Battles|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0632\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0650 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1646\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628: \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1648\u0645 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0622\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u063a\u062a\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064f\u062d\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f \u00ab\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f\u00bb (Pride&#8217;s Purge)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u064a\u0627\u0644\u00bb (Rump Parliament) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/english-civil-wars\" title=\"8|English Civil Wars|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u061f \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0631.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-fmcc-worldhistory\/chapter\/cromwell-and-the-roundheads\/\" title=\"12|Cromwell and the Roundheads|Lumen Learning|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1649\u0645: \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1649\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062b\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642 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\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u2014 \u0631\u062f\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/English_Civil_War\" title=\"13|English Civil War|New World Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1649\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b\u00bb (Commonwealth)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629\u064b \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 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\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u064b \u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061b \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627. \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0631 (3 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1651\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopediavirginia.org\/entries\/english-civil-wars-and-virginia-the\/\" title=\"14|English Civil Wars and Virginia|Encyclopedia Virginia|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 (1599-1658\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1653\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0626\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621: \u00ab\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u00bb (You have sat too long here for any good you have been doing. Depart, I say; and let us have done with you). \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644. \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b (Lord Protector) \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization\/chapter\/cromwell-and-the-roundheads\/\" title=\"15|Cromwell and the Roundheads|Lumen Learning|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1290\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062d \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u2014 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0626\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1658\u0645\u060c \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/english-civil-wars\" title=\"8|English Civil Wars|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1660\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0643 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1660\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0651\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0647. \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1660\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627. \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u2014 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u2014 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062c\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0646\u0642\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0641\u064e \u0645\u0646\u0647.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naseby.com\/the-consequences\/the-consequences-page-2\/\" title=\"16|The Consequences of Naseby|Naseby Battlefield|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Glorious Revolution\u060c 1688\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2014 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2014 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634. \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1688\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u00ab\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u00bb (Bill of Rights\u060c 1689\u0645). \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fiveable.me\/ap-euro\/unit-3\/english-civil-war-glorious-revolution\/study-guide\/NdZTflJhMwwWqT0CNUic\" title=\"17|English Civil War AP Euro Review|Fiveable|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a (Putney Debates\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631-\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1647\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb (Levellers) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0645: \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u00ab\u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u00bb.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientwarhistory.com\/the-english-civil-war-revolution-regicide-and-the-birth-of-constitutional-monarchy\/\" title=\"2|The English Civil War: Revolution, Regicide and the Birth of Constitutional Monarchy|Ancient War History|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amacad.org\/publication\/daedalus\/last-english-civil-war\" title=\"18|The Last English Civil War|American Academy of Arts and Sciences|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0628\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u00bb (1748\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.albert.io\/blog\/the-english-civil-war-and-the-revolution-ap-european-history-review\/\" title=\"19|The English Civil War and the Revolution|Albert.io|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0650<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Whig Interpretation) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0626\u0648\u064a \u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/about\/living-heritage\/evolutionofparliament\/parliamentaryauthority\/civilwar\/overview\/great-rebellion\/\" title=\"20|Great Rebellion, English Revolution or War of Religion?|UK Parliament|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2853,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-hurub-wal-maarik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2852","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2852"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2854,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2852\/revisions\/2854"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2853"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}