{"id":2843,"date":"2026-06-13T13:23:43","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:53:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2843"},"modified":"2026-06-13T13:23:48","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:53:48","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1856-1860\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0645\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Opium-Wars\" title=\"1|Opium Wars|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u2014 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u5713\u660e\u5712)\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/en\/history-of-the-two-empires\/articles\/barbaric-destruction-or-symbolic-retribution-the-razing-of-the-yuanming-yuan\/\" title=\"2|Barbaric Destruction or Symbolic Retribution: The Razing of the Yuanming Yuan|napoleon.org|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1856\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0645\u00bb (Arrow)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1860\u0645. \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0630\u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1912\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/second-opium-war\" title=\"3|Second Opium War|EBSCO Research Starters|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">Second Opium War \/ Arrow War<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89 (D\u00ec \u00e8r c\u00ec y\u0101pi\u00e0n zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0645 (Arrow War) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">8 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1856 \u2013 18 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1860\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627: \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 (1860\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 (\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0648 (\u062c\u0627\u0646-\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u063a\u0631\u0648)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u064a\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0634\u0646 (\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0646 (\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u063a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0646\u063a (\u54b8\u8c50\u5e1d\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 1850-1861\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 17,000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 25,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 1860\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 900 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 (1858\u0645)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0641\u062a\u062d 10 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626\u060c \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 (1860\u0645)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a 16 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">18 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1860\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 (1842\u0645) \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1843\u0645) \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0636\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062c\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Opium-Wars\" title=\"1|Opium Wars|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064b 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\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a (\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u570b, 1850-1864\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/second-opium-war\" title=\"3|Second Opium War|EBSCO Research Starters|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a: \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0626 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0634\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1856\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/second-opium-war\" title=\"3|Second Opium War|EBSCO Research Starters|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0639\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1856\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0645\u00bb (Arrow)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/history\/asia-and-africa\/south-asian-history\/opium-wars\" title=\"4|Opium Wars|Encyclopedia.com|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644\u0629 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\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"5|\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a: \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1856\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0630\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u063a\u0627\u0636\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1856\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/encyclopedia\/2024\/3\/19\/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"6|\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646|\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0625\u0630 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064e \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1857\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Opium-Wars\" title=\"1|Opium Wars|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 (1857\u0645)<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1857\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0625\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648\u064a (1857\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 (\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064f \u063a\u0631\u0648. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1857\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 5,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0642\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/second-opium-war\" title=\"3|Second Opium War|EBSCO Research Starters|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 1861\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1858\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 (\u5929\u6d25)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0643\u0648 (\u5927\u6cbd\u53e3\u70ae\u53f0) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0651 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u2014 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1858\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnova.com\/world-history\/chinese-history\/opium-wars\/\" title=\"7|Opium Wars Explained: Causes, Timeline, Treaties, Consequences|IAS Nova|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1858\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fiveable.me\/history-modern-china\/unit-2\/opium-war-treaty-tianjin\/study-guide\/XRTaykAWpT8A9Cva\" title=\"8|The Second Opium War and the Treaty of Tianjin|Fiveable|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0646 (\u50e7\u683c\u6797\u6c81) \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0635\u062f\u0651\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b: \u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0646\u062d\u0648 500 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0647\u064e\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/history-maps.com\/story\/History-of-China\/event\/Second-Opium-War\" title=\"9|Second Opium War|History Maps|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 (1860\u0645)<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0641 1860\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631: \u0646\u062d\u0648 17,000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 25,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0643\u0648. \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1860\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0648 (\u516b\u91cc\u6a4b Baliqiao) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064f \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0634\u064c \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientwarhistory.com\/the-arrow-war-and-the-second-opium-conflict-western-aggression-and-chinas-humiliation-1856-1860\/\" title=\"10|The Arrow War and the Second Opium Conflict|Ancient War History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0646\u063a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u0646\u063a\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0647\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u063a (\u606d\u89aa\u738b, Prince Gong) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1860\u0645\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064e \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u064e\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/en\/history-of-the-two-empires\/articles\/barbaric-destruction-or-symbolic-retribution-the-razing-of-the-yuanming-yuan\/\" title=\"2|Barbaric Destruction or Symbolic Retribution: The Razing of the Yuanming Yuan|napoleon.org|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645: \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u5713\u660e\u5712)\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/en\/history-of-the-two-empires\/articles\/barbaric-destruction-or-symbolic-retribution-the-razing-of-the-yuanming-yuan\/\" title=\"2|Barbaric Destruction or Symbolic Retribution: The Razing of the Yuanming Yuan|napoleon.org|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb (\u897f\u6d0b\u6a13\u060c \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0648) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644\u0629\u064e \u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0628\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1797\u0645. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0623\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnova.com\/world-history\/chinese-history\/opium-wars\/\" title=\"7|Opium Wars Explained|IAS Nova|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635: \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1860\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062b\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0636\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientwarhistory.com\/the-arrow-war-and-the-second-opium-conflict-western-aggression-and-chinas-humiliation-1856-1860\/\" title=\"10|The Arrow War and the Second Opium Conflict|Ancient War History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630\u064d \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064e \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1860\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0647. \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064f \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0638\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kids.kiddle.co\/Second_Opium_War\" title=\"11|Second Opium War|Kiddle|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0628\u0644\u0651\u063a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644.<br \/>\n<strong>\u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 (\u063a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b)\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1860\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0628\u064c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b: \u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u2014 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1861\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/en\/history-of-the-two-empires\/articles\/barbaric-destruction-or-symbolic-retribution-the-razing-of-the-yuanming-yuan\/\" title=\"2|Barbaric Destruction or Symbolic Retribution|napoleon.org|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646: \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1860\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 (\u5317\u4eac\u689d\u7d04) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0625\u063a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 600,000 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.modernchinesehistory.com\/pages\/p10.html\" title=\"12|The Second Opium War 1856\u20131860|Modern Chinese History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u064f\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 (\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a) \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u00bb (\u82e6\u529b) \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ancientwarhistory.com\/the-arrow-war-and-the-second-opium-conflict-western-aggression-and-chinas-humiliation-1856-1860\/\" title=\"10|The Arrow War and the Second Opium Conflict|Ancient War History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649<\/h2>\n<h3>\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a\u064e\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0641\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 6,500 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.napoleon.org\/en\/history-of-the-two-empires\/articles\/barbaric-destruction-or-symbolic-retribution-the-razing-of-the-yuanming-yuan\/\" title=\"2|Barbaric Destruction or Symbolic Retribution|napoleon.org|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647: \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/asiapacificcurriculum.ca\/learning-module\/opium-wars-china\" title=\"13|The Opium Wars in China|Asia Pacific Curriculum|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646: \u00ab\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u00bb (\u6d0b\u52d9\u904b\u52d5 Yangwu Yundong)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0642\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u063a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/second-opium-war\" title=\"3|Second Opium War|EBSCO Research Starters|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1895\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fiveable.me\/history-modern-china\/unit-2\/opium-war-treaty-tianjin\/study-guide\/XRTaykAWpT8A9Cva\" title=\"8|The Second Opium War and the Treaty of Tianjin|Fiveable|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0625\u063a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631 (\u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 600,000 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1860\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.modernchinesehistory.com\/pages\/p10.html\" title=\"12|The Second Opium War 1856\u20131860|Modern Chinese History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u062f\u0650 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0651\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0631\u064e\u0642 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u064b: \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u062e\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnova.com\/world-history\/chinese-history\/opium-wars\/\" title=\"7|Opium Wars Explained|IAS Nova|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u00bb (\u4e2d\u56fd\u68a6)\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u062d 1860\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Opium-Wars\" title=\"1|Opium Wars|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u00bb (2011\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 1840-1842\u0645\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/opium-wars\" title=\"14|Opium Wars|EBSCO Research Starters|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h4 dir=\"auto\"><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2844,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-hurub-wal-maarik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2843","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2843"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2843\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2845,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2843\/revisions\/2845"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2843"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2843"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2843"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}