{"id":2840,"date":"2026-06-13T13:20:57","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:50:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2840"},"modified":"2026-06-13T13:20:57","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:50:57","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1839-1842\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 (\u6797\u5247\u5f90) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 20,000 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0646 (\u864e\u9580) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1839\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1840\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0651\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1842\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629\u00bb (\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 21 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u00ab\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644\u00bb (\u767e\u5e74\u5c48\u8fb1) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 1949\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0646\u062f\u0628\u0629\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nFirst Opium War<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89 (D\u00ec y\u012b c\u00ec y\u0101pi\u00e0n zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n4 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1839 \u2013 29 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1842\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 (\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a\u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0633\u0648)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u2014 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 (1842)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0641\u0627\u0646\u063a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n\u062f\u0627\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a (\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 1820-1850)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n~4,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a (1840) \u2192 ~10,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a (1842) + \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n~80,000\u2013200,000 (\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n69 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 451 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 18,000 \u064822,000 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n21 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064e\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a (\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a\u062c\u0648\u060c \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u0648\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0628\u0648\u060c \u0634\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a (\u6e05\u671d)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1644\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u00ab\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u00bb (\u5929\u547d\u060c \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u00bb (\u671d\u8d21\u4f53\u5236\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646.
\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0632\u064e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0648\u00bb (\u53e9\u982d) \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u00bb (\u4e2d\u56fd\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0642\u0648\u0647) \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647.
\n[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u00bb (\u516c\u884c\u5236\u5ea6). \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u064f\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1757\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 (\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a\u062c\u0648\u060c \u5e7f\u5dde) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a\u00bb (\u516c\u884c)\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627.
\n[3]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062c\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629.
\n[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0628\u0639\u062b\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1793\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a (\u4e7e\u9686\u5e1d) \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064e \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u00ab\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628\u00bb. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0648\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1816\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629.
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u00bb \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646.\n<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u00bb (Country Traders) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0647\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.
\n[6]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0651\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 4,000 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u062d\u0648 40,000 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1838\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b.
\n[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n

\n\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.
\n[8]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634)\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1828 \u06481836\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 38 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647.
\n[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n

\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u062c\u0646\u063a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1729\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1799\u0645 \u06481800\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1836 \u06481837\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646: \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0647\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a (\u9053\u5149\u5e1d)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1838\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646.
\n[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 (\u6797\u5247\u5f90\u060c 1785-1850\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1839\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631: \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641. \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a \u2014 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.
\n[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u061f
\n\u2014 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c 1839\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u2014 \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0649\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0628\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629.
\n[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n

\n\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u064c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0629 20,283 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 1,210 \u0623\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1839\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0646 (\u864e\u9580\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.
\n[6]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u063a\u062a\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1839\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0628 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 (\u4e5d\u9f8d) \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0641\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0630\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1839\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0628\u064a (\u7a7f\u9f3b)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.
\n[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1840\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u063a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062d \u063a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0638\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 271 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 262\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1840\u0645.
\n[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 1840\u0645<\/h3>\n

\n\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1840\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 48 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 4,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u00bb (Nemesis)\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1840\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646 (\u821f\u5c71) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0628\u0648\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0644\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0647.
\n[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 (1840-1841)<\/h3>\n

\n\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064e \u062f\u0627\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0646 (\u7426\u5584)\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1840\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1841\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00bb (\u7a7f\u9f3b\u8349\u7d04)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 6 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0631\u0622\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0622\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0643\u064e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b.
\n[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 (1841-1842)<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1841\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0631 (Henry Pottinger) \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644. \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a: \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1841\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0628\u0648 (\u5be7\u6ce2) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1842\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648 (\u4e4d\u6d66) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1842\u0645 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0634\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u064a (\u4e0a\u6d77) \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1842\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a (\u93ae\u6c5f) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0651 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0630\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u2014 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629.
\n[4]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 (\u5357\u4eac) \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1842\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0644\u0651 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0622\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u00bb (Nemesis)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064c \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0641.
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648\u064a (\u516b\u65d7\u8ecd) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u00ab\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00bb (\u7da0\u71df) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629.
\n[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639<\/h3>\n

\n\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u063a (\u8006\u82f1) \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1842\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 (\u5357\u4eac\u689d\u7d04) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u064d \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a.
\n[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 21 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0644\u064e\u0641 (6 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 (3 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (12 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b). \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a (\u9999\u6e2f) \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u062d \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a: \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a\u062c\u0648 (\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0646 (\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0628\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0629. \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u00bb (\u864e\u9580\u689d\u7d04) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1843\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.
\n[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646: \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a.
\n[2]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0639\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u2014 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629.
\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629\u00bb<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1844\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1856-1860\u0645) \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 (\u5929\u6d25\u689d\u7d04) \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 (\u5317\u4eac\u689d\u7d04)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a: \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 (1895\u0645) \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0631 (1900-1901\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631.
\n[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n

\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0641\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1907\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631.
\n[7]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644\u00bb (\u767e\u5e74\u5c48\u8fb1) \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1839\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1949\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b: \u0641\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a.
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064e\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646: \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u2014 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0641\u064a 1842\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.
\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/h3>\n

\n\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u00bb (\u5e2b\u5937\u9577\u6280\u4ee5\u5236\u5937\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u00ab\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u00bb) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u6d0b\u52d9\u904b\u52d5) \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1895\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u620a\u620c\u8b8a\u6cd5) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1898\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1911\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.
\n[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629\u00bb \u0643\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064f\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629\u00bb \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0630\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b.
\n[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u063a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a.
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u00bb (\u9e26\u7247) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b-\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u00ab\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0634\u0648\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1959\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a.
\n[8]<\/a><\/sup>
\n\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u00ab\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u00bb (\u4e2d\u56fd\u68a6)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1839\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.
\n[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2841,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,174],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-hurub-wal-maarik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2840"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2840\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2842,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2840\/revisions\/2842"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2841"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2840"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}