{"id":2836,"date":"2026-08-17T05:20:32","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T05:20:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2836"},"modified":"2026-08-19T00:02:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T00:02:00","slug":"zedong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/17\/zedong\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/h1>\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n\u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n\u0631\u0648\u0646\u063a \u062a\u0634\u064a (\u6da6\u4e4b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n26 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1893<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n9 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 1976<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1954\u20131959<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1918. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1918 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. [4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1919<\/strong> \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0634\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\/\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 1921\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629. [5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629. [6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1927 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0627\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0643 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1931 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1934 \u06481935 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1935 \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628. [7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1937\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1942 \u06481944 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. [8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0627\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a 1 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\/\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1949 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. [9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1959\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. [10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a. \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/a> \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. [11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. [12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0646\u063a \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u064f\u0641\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0648.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0639\u0627\u0645 1966 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n

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