{"id":2834,"date":"2026-06-13T13:13:41","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:43:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2834"},"modified":"2026-06-13T13:13:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:43:41","slug":"%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%86%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%86%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1375-1591\u0645) \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blackpast.org\/global-african-history\/songhai-empire-ca-1375-1591\/\" title=\"1|Songhai Empire BlackPast|BlackPast.org|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vocal.media\/history\/the-songhai-empire-west-africa-s-last-great-empire\" title=\"2|Songhai Empire Last Great|Vocal Media|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629: \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0651\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/119\/\" title=\"3|Timbuktu UNESCO World Heritage|UNESCO|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1591\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0628\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a (Songhai Empire \/ Songhay Empire)<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Songhai_Empire\/\" title=\"4|Songhai Empire World History|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1375\u0645 \u2014 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blackpast.org\/global-african-history\/songhai-empire-ca-1375-1591\/\" title=\"5|Songhai Independence 1375|BlackPast|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1464\u0645 \u2014 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Sonni-Ali\" title=\"6|Sonni Ali 1464 Britannica|Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1591\u0645 \u2014 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Songhai-empire\" title=\"7|Songhai Fall 1591|Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u063a\u0627\u0648 (Gao) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Songhai_Empire\/\" title=\"8|Gao Capital Songhai|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u064a)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thinkafrica.net\/kingdom-of-songhai\/\" title=\"9|Songhai Dynasties|Think Africa|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a)<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/songhai-empire\" title=\"10|Songhai Islam EBSCO|EBSCO Research|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blackpast.org\/global-african-history\/songhai-empire-ca-1375-1591\/\" title=\"11|Songhai Arabic Language|BlackPast|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644) \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blackpast.org\/global-african-history\/songhai-empire-ca-1375-1591\/\" title=\"12|Songhai Geographic Extent|BlackPast|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a 1,400,000 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/chapter\/songhai\/\" title=\"13|Songhai 1.4 Million km2|Lumen Learning|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thinkafrica.net\/kingdom-of-songhai\/\" title=\"14|Songhai Territory Countries|Think Africa|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0651<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1464-1492\u0645 \u2014 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Sonni-Ali\" title=\"15|Sonni Ali Britannica|Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1493-1528\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad-I-Askia\" title=\"16|Muhammad Askia Britannica|Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1549-1582\u0645 \u2014 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Askia_Daoud\" title=\"17|Askia Daoud Wikipedia|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a (\u062f\u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a)\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u2014 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Songhai_Empire\/\" title=\"18|Timbuktu Djenne Gao Songhai|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 (700,000 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b)<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exodus.africa\/history\/history-of-mali\" title=\"19|Timbuktu Manuscripts|Exodus Africa|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a (13 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1591\u0645) \u2014 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Tondibi\" title=\"20|Battle of Tondibi Wikipedia|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/worldhistoryarchive.wordpress.com\/2016\/08\/31\/songhai-empire-1375-1591\/\" title=\"21|Songhai 7th Century Origins|World History Archive|2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 (\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0641\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634\u064e \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blackpast.org\/global-african-history\/songhai-empire-ca-1375-1591\/\" title=\"22|Dia Kossoi Gao Capital|BlackPast|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/songhai-empire\" title=\"23|Songhai Islam 11th Century|EBSCO Research|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 (1240-1645\u0645) \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Songhai_Empire\/\" title=\"24|Songhai Under Mali Empire|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0651\u0623 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1375\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blackpast.org\/global-african-history\/songhai-empire-ca-1375-1591\/\" title=\"25|Gao Revolt Mali 1375|BlackPast|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0651: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0651 (\u062d\u0643\u0645 1464-1492\u0645) \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1464\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0648. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/biography\/sonni-ali\" title=\"26|Sonni Ali Military Genius EBSCO|EBSCO Research|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u062a\u064a (1468-1593\u0645) \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/people\/history\/north-african-history-biographies\/sonni-ali\" title=\"27|Mahmoud Kati Quote Sonni Ali|Encyclopedia.com|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1464\u0645 \u06481468\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a) \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1468\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1433\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Sonni-Ali\" title=\"28|Timbuktu Tuareg Expelled|Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0647\u062a\u0651\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/people\/history\/north-african-history-biographies\/sonni-ali\" title=\"29|Sonni Ali Timbuktu Scholars|Encyclopedia.com|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a (\u062f\u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064e\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/people\/history\/north-african-history-biographies\/sonni-ali\" title=\"30|Djenne Siege Sonni Ali|Encyclopedia.com|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1473\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/biography\/sonni-ali\" title=\"31|Djenne Gold Trade Control|EBSCO Research|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u063a\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0631\u0651&#8221; \u0623\u064a &#8220;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631&#8221; \u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/chapter\/songhai\/\" title=\"32|Sonni Ali Ber the Great|Lumen Learning|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Songhai_Empire\/\" title=\"33|Sonni Ali Administrative System|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1492\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0631\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/panafrocore.com\/2024\/03\/12\/sunni-ali-the-first-king-of-songhai-empire\/\" title=\"34|Sunni Ali Death 1492|PanAfroCore|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0641\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f) \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0632\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1493\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.studentsofhistory.com\/the-songhai-empire\" title=\"35|Askia Muhammad Battle of Anfao|Students of History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/mohammed-i-askia\" title=\"36|Askia Muhammad Islamic State|EBSCO Research|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1496\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u062f\u062a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641. \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blackpast.org\/global-african-history\/toure-muhammad-c-1442-1538\/\" title=\"37|Askia Hajj 1496 Gold|BlackPast|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0638\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646&#8221; (\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u064e \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad-I-Askia\" title=\"38|Askia Caliph Sudan Title|Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.studentsofhistory.com\/the-songhai-empire\" title=\"39|Askia Scholars from Egypt Morocco|Students of History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[39]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629. \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064d \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fiveable.me\/key-terms\/world-history-since-1400\/askia-muhammad\" title=\"40|Askia Provinces Governors|Fiveable|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blackpast.org\/global-african-history\/toure-muhammad-c-1442-1538\/\" title=\"41|Askia Ministries Administration|BlackPast|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blackpast.org\/global-african-history\/songhai-empire-ca-1375-1591\/\" title=\"42|Askia Standardized Weights Trade|BlackPast|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[42]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n  \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642.<br \/>\n  <strong>\u2014 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0645-\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648 (\u0633\u064a\u063a\u0648) \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad-I-Askia\" title=\"43|Askia Empire Extent Atlantic|Britannica|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[43]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1528\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u064c \u0639\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u0641\u0651 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064d \u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1538\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648: \u062f\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/119\/\" title=\"44|Timbuktu UNESCO Intellectual Capital|UNESCO|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[44]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/founding-timbuktu\" title=\"45|Timbuktu Strategic Location|EBSCO Research|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 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\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theproductiveteacher.com\/the-songhai-promotion-of-islam-for-ap-world-history\" title=\"47|Sankore Curriculum Subjects|Productive Teacher|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0647) \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/119\/\" title=\"48|Timbuktu Three Mosques UNESCO|UNESCO|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[48]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exodus.africa\/history\/history-of-mali\" title=\"49|Timbuktu 700000 Manuscripts|Exodus Africa|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[49]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exodus.africa\/history\/history-of-mali\" title=\"50|Timbuktu Manuscript Gold Value|Exodus Africa|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[50]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631: \u063a\u0627\u0648 &#8211; \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 &#8211; \u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.albert.io\/blog\/ap-world-history-trans-saharan-trade-routes\/\" title=\"51|Songhai Gold Salt Trade Triangle|Albert.io|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[51]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u062d\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/socialstudieshelp.com\/exploring-the-trans-saharan-trade-routes\/\" title=\"52|Salt Gold Exchange Saharan|Social Studies Help|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[52]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vocal.media\/history\/the-trans-saharan-trade-shaping-west-african-empires-and-the-spread-of-islam\" title=\"53|Songhai Trade Routes Security|Vocal Media|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[53]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 (\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.culturesofwestafrica.com\/west-african-kingdoms\/\" title=\"54|Songhai Guilds Economic System|Cultures West Africa|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[54]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Askia_Daoud\" title=\"55|Songhai Slave Economy|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[55]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thinkafrica.net\/kingdom-of-songhai\/\" title=\"56|Songhai Ethnic Diversity|Think Africa|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[56]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0630\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Songhai_Empire\/\" title=\"57|Songhai Administrative Local Chiefs|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[57]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0632\u062c \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/songhai-empire\" title=\"58|Songhai Islam Traditional Beliefs|EBSCO Research|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[58]<\/a><\/sup>. \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1538\u0645\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062e\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Songhai_Empire\/\" title=\"59|Songhai Succession Disputes|World History Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[59]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f (1549-1582\u0645) \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Askia_Daoud\" title=\"60|Askia Daoud Stability|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[60]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0651\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a (1578-1603\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1578\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a: \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.militaryhistoryonline.com\/Medieval\/BattleOfTondibi\" title=\"61|Ahmad al-Mansur Morocco Strategy|Military History Online|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u062d \u062a\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/worldhistoryarchive.wordpress.com\/2016\/08\/31\/songhai-empire-1375-1591\/\" title=\"62|Morocco Salt Mines Dispute|World History Archive|2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[62]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a: \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1590\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.blackgate.com\/2013\/03\/16\/the-battle-of-tondibi-1591-in-miniature\/\" title=\"63|Judar Pasha Army Composition|Black Gate|2013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[63]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u064b \u062c\u0647\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thetimestream.wordpress.com\/2013\/09\/29\/historical-oddities-the-battle-of-tondibi\/\" title=\"64|Sahara Crossing Losses|Time Stream|2013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[64]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u061b \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0623 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0647\u064e\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1591\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u062a\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Tondibi\" title=\"65|Cattle Charge Tondibi Strategy|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[65]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0628\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Tondibi\" title=\"66|Tondibi Battle Gunfire|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[66]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u063a\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n  \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647: \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062f\u0645\u0647. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u0639 \u062c\u0634\u0639.<br \/>\n  <strong>\u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 1591\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/songhai-empire\" title=\"67|Songhai Internal Strife Cause|EBSCO Research|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[67]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fiveable.me\/world-history-since-1400\/key-terms\/battle-tondibi\" title=\"68|Songhai Gunpowder Technological Gap|Fiveable|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[68]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1578\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/founding-timbuktu\" title=\"69|Timbuktu Manuscripts Legacy|EBSCO Research|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[69]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/119\/\" title=\"70|Timbuktu UNESCO Heritage Site|UNESCO|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[70]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2835,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,157,165],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2834","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-hadaraat-al-qadeema","category-al-duwal-wal-imbaraturiyat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2834","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2834"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2834\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2836,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2834\/revisions\/2836"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2835"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2834"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2834"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2834"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}