{"id":2826,"date":"2026-06-13T13:04:22","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:34:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2826"},"modified":"2026-06-13T13:06:49","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T09:36:49","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/td>\n\u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645)[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n1861\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

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\n \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631.
\n \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c “\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639. \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1801-1825\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1815\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629[61]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629 (Serfdom) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646) \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a[62]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646[63]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645 (1853-1856\u0645) \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627[64]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1855-1881\u0645) \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0630\u0650\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1856\u0645:<\/p>\n

\n \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645.
\n \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c 30 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1856\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1861\u0645 “\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631” \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629[65]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064e \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629[66]<\/a><\/sup>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0650 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 “\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631” \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u064f\u0635\u0651\u0635\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0647\u0650\u0643\u0629[67]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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