{"id":2754,"date":"2026-06-13T13:38:58","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T10:08:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2754"},"modified":"2026-06-13T18:53:57","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T15:23:57","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<article class=\"cosmalore-article\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\n<p><!-- ==================== \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 ==================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"introduction\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-0\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: <em>Imperio Espa\u00f1ol<\/em>) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0664\u0669\u0662\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 <strong>\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 <strong>\u0661\u0663.\u0667 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0669.\u0662\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0635\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/largest-empires-history\/\" title=\"1|The 7 Largest Empires in History|The Collector|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u064d\u0651 <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627&#8221;. \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0664\u0669\u0662\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/spanish-empire\" title=\"2|Spanish Empire|EBSCO Research Starters|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627: <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"3|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0664\u0669\u0662\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0666\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0662\u0664\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"4|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ==================== \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc ==================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"infobox-section\">\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"ib-title\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (Monarqu\u00eda Cat\u00f3lica)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0664\u0669\u0662\u0645 \u2013 \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0666\u0645 (\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629: \u0661\u0665\u0660\u0660\u2013\u0661\u0668\u0662\u0664\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">~\u0661\u0663.\u0667 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 (\u0669.\u0662\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/largest-empires-history\/\" title=\"5|The 7 Largest Empires in History|The Collector|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f (\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0661\u0665\u0666\u0661\u0645)\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0665\u0661\u0666\u2013\u0661\u0667\u0660\u0660\u0645 (\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0667\u0660\u0661\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0662 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0661\u0664\u0669\u0662\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3\" title=\"6|\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0664\u0669\u0664\u0645 \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062a\u0643<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0665\u0662\u0661\u0645 \u2013 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0665\u0663\u0663\u0645 \u2013 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u064a\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0665\u0668\u0660\u2013\u0661\u0666\u0664\u0660\u0645 \u2013 \u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_II_of_Spain\" title=\"7|Philip II of Spain|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0665\u0668\u0668\u0645 \u2013 \u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0668\u0660\u0665\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0668\u0669\u0668\u0645 \u2013 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"8|\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0662\u0661 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 + \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0665\u0660\u0660 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ==================== \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 ==================== --><\/p>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"origins-reconquista\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-1\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f (<em>Reconquista<\/em>). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/espanaenarabe.com\/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%89-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A3%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%9F-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA\/\" title=\"9|\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627|\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0664\u0666\u0669\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c <strong>\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0625\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646&#8221; (<em>Los Reyes Cat\u00f3licos<\/em>) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u063a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u063a\u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/spanish-empire\" title=\"10|Spanish Empire|EBSCO Research Starters|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0661\u0664\u0669\u0662\u0645<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a: <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u063a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0661\u0664\u0669\u0662\u0645\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0648<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7\" title=\"11|\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"columbus-new-world\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-2\">\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0664\u0669\u0662\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631 <strong>\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0641\u0646: \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0661\u0662\u0660 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0626\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u062c\u0632\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3\" title=\"12|\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a \u0661\u0664\u0669\u0662 \u0648\u0661\u0665\u0660\u0662\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0648 \u0641\u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0660\u0661\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b&#8221; \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627&#8221; \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0648. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0667\u0660 \u0648\u0669\u0660 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86\" title=\"13|\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0664\u0669\u0664\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0637\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0631\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0630\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064e \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b: &#8220;\u0623\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644&#8221;. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"14|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"conquistadors\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-3\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631: \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u064c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631<\/strong> (<em>Conquistadores<\/em>)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064c\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0639\u062f\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alsifr.org\/cortez-pizarro-conquerors-incas-aztecs\" title=\"15|\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628|\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062a\u0643 (\u0661\u0665\u0661\u0669\u2013\u0661\u0665\u0662\u0661\u0645)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0661\u0669\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 <strong>\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064d \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0662\u0661\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u062a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86\" title=\"16|\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627 (\u0661\u0665\u0663\u0662\u2013\u0661\u0665\u0663\u0663\u0645)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f <strong>\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648<\/strong> \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0626\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0663\u0662\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u062f\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0646\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0663\u0663\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0629\u064b. \u0648\u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alsifr.org\/cortez-pizarro-conquerors-incas-aztecs\" title=\"17|\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628|\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064c \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0661\u0665\u0664\u0666 \u0648\u0661\u0668\u0662\u0664\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645&#8221; (<em>Flota de Indias<\/em>) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelatinlibrary.com\/imperialism\/notes\/spanishempire.html\" title=\"18|The Spanish Empire|The Latin Library|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"habsburg-golden-age\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-4\">\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a<\/strong> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0661\u0666\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0633 <strong>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0651\u062c <strong>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/strong> \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0661\u0669\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645: \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization\/chapter\/the-spanish-habsburgs\/\" title=\"19|The Spanish Habsburgs|Lumen Learning - Western Civilization|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0662\u0669\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0665\u0666\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0623\u062e\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/spanish-empire\" title=\"20|Spanish Empire|EBSCO Research Starters|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (\u0661\u0665\u0665\u0666\u2013\u0661\u0665\u0669\u0668\u0645)\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0668\u0660\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0635\u062d\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 <strong>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647&#8221;<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.habsburger.net\/en\/persons\/habsburg\/philip-ii\" title=\"21|Philip II|Die Welt der Habsburger|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0647\u062f <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a (<em>Siglo de Oro<\/em>): \u0641\u0628\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062b\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0625\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_Golden_Age\" title=\"22|Spanish Golden Age|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n&#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.&#8221;<br \/>\n<strong>\u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u060c <em>\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0663\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"armada-decline\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-5\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0668\u0668\u0645: <strong>\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/strong>. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0661\u0663\u0660 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u064a\u064e \u0628\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0661\u0665\u0668\u0668\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Spanish-Armada\" title=\"23|Spanish Armada|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"24|\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u064c \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a \u0661\u0665\u0665\u0667 \u0648\u0661\u0665\u0667\u0665 \u0648\u0661\u0665\u0669\u0666\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u064e \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/spanish-empire\" title=\"25|Spanish Empire|EBSCO Research Starters|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"late-habsburg-decline\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-6\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0669\u0668\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u064f\u0647 <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/strong> (\u0661\u0665\u0669\u0668\u2013\u0661\u0666\u0662\u0661\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627. \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0666\u0660\u0669\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization\/chapter\/the-spanish-habsburgs\/\" title=\"26|The Spanish Habsburgs|Lumen Learning|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/strong> (\u0661\u0666\u0662\u0661\u2013\u0661\u0666\u0666\u0665\u0645)\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/strong> (\u0661\u0666\u0661\u0668\u2013\u0661\u0666\u0664\u0668\u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0666\u0664\u0668\u0645<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0666\u0664\u0660\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"27|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (\u0661\u0666\u0666\u0665\u2013\u0661\u0667\u0660\u0660\u0645)\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062e\u062a\u064e\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0631&#8221;. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0667\u0660\u0660\u0645 <strong>\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0661\u0667\u0660\u0661\u2013\u0661\u0667\u0661\u0663\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0640<strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062e\u062a \u0661\u0667\u0661\u0663\u0645<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.andalucia.com\/history\/hapsburgs\" title=\"28|The Hapsburgs, History of Spain|Andalucia.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"bourbon-reforms\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-7\">\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"29|\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631<\/strong> \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0660\u0665\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u0641\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"30|\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"latin-america-independence\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-8\">\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0660\u0668\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u062e\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0651\u0648 (\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627) \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064e\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647\u061f \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"31|\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064c \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645: <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/strong> &#8220;\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648<strong>\u062e\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0648<strong>\u0645\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648<\/strong> \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0661\u0668\u0661\u0660 \u0648\u0661\u0668\u0663\u0660\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 <strong>\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648 \u0661\u0668\u0662\u0664\u0645<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"32|\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"1898-end\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-9\">\u0661\u0668\u0669\u0668\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/strong> \u0648<strong>\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0636\u062c\u0629\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0661\u0668\u0669\u0668\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0662\u0666\u0660 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0661\u0668\u0669\u0668\u0645. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"33|\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064d \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0661\u0668\u0669\u0668\u0645<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645: \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0669\u0668&#8221; (<em>El Desastre del 98<\/em>)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0669\u0668&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2017\/2\/15\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\/3103815\" title=\"34|\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"administration-system\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-10\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629: \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/strong> (<em>Consejo de Indias<\/em>) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0662\u0664\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86\" title=\"35|\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0642\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/strong> (<em>Virreinatos<\/em>) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 (<em>Virrey<\/em>) \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0647. \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0661\u0665\u0663\u0665\u0645) \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648 (\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0661\u0665\u0664\u0662\u0645). \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 (\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627) \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0627\u064a). \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"36|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/strong> (<em>Encomienda<\/em>) \u0648<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627<\/strong> (<em>Mita<\/em>): \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86\" title=\"37|\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"church-inquisition\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-11\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634: \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/strong>\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 <strong>\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0633<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86\" title=\"38|\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (<em>Inquisici\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola<\/em>) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0664\u0667\u0668\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0633) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Spanish-Inquisition\" title=\"39|Spanish Inquisition|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[39]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"civilizational-legacy\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-12\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645\u064e \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064e \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0648 (\u0661\u0665\u0663\u0668\u0645) \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627 (\u0661\u0665\u0665\u0661\u0645) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86\" title=\"40|\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0668\u0660\u066a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86\" title=\"41|\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0664\u0669\u0660 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.history-hub.com\/almstaamrat-alasbany-alsabk-fy-alaaalm\" title=\"42|\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645|\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e - \u0647\u0627\u0628|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[42]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"conclusion\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-13\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629: \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631: \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064c \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629\u064c \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064e \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0647: \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064c \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064c \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064c \u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0622\u0633\u064d \u0648\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"43|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[43]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,165],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-duwal-wal-imbaraturiyat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2754"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2862,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2754\/revisions\/2862"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}