{"id":2749,"date":"2026-06-10T14:24:41","date_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:54:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2749"},"modified":"2026-06-10T14:24:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:54:54","slug":"%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%a8%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%a8%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"<article class=\"cosmalore-article\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\n<p><!-- ==================== \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 ==================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"introduction\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-0\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (\u0663\u0665\u0666\u2013\u0663\u0662\u0663 \u0642.\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 <strong>\u0665.\u0662 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyisnowmagazine.com\/blog\/2024\/11\/27\/the-331-bc-battle-of-gaugamela-and-alexander-the-great\" title=\"1|The Battle of Gaugamela and Alexander the Great|History is Now Magazine|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064e \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064e \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646. \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0663\u0666 \u0642.\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0663\u0663\u0664 \u0642.\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u062d\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u063a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0633. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Alexander-the-Great\" title=\"2|Alexander the Great|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0662\u0663 \u0642.\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u062e\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Wars_of_the_Diadochi\/\" title=\"3|Wars of the Diadochi|World History Encyclopedia|2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064e\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0636\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/travel\/article\/2025\/02\/08\/alexander-the-great-macedon-persian-empire-darius\" title=\"4|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645|CNN \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ==================== \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc ==================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"infobox-section\">\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"ib-title\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 (Basileia Makedonon)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631) \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0663\u0663\u0666\u2013\u0663\u0662\u0663 \u0642.\u0645 (\u0661\u0663 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0663\u0663\u0664\u2013\u0663\u0662\u0663 \u0642.\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">~\u0665.\u0662 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 (\u0662 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyisnowmagazine.com\/blog\/2024\/11\/27\/the-331-bc-battle-of-gaugamela-and-alexander-the-great\" title=\"5|The Battle of Gaugamela and Alexander the Great|History is Now Magazine|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627) \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 (\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0662\u0660 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0663\u0665\u0666 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2022\/7\/20\/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7\/5842248\" title=\"6|\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0661\u0660 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0663\u0662\u0663 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0663\u0662\u2013\u0663\u0663 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 (\u0645\u0646 \u0661\u0663 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0661\u0666 \u0633\u0646\u0629) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88\" title=\"7|\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627 (\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627)\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 (\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627)\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0633 (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0663\u0663\u0664 \u0642.\u0645 \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Granicus\" title=\"8|Battle of the Granicus|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0663\u0663\u0663 \u0642.\u0645 \u2013 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0663\u0663\u0661 \u0642.\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Gaugamela\" title=\"9|Battle of Gaugamela|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0663\u0662\u0666 \u0642.\u0645 \u2013 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0667\u0660 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062c\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.2thar.com\/2024\/02\/alex-ander.html\" title=\"10|\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a|\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u062e\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0635\u0631)\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642)\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ==================== \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 ==================== --><\/p>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"origins-philip\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-1\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631: \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (\u0663\u0668\u0662\u2013\u0663\u0663\u0666 \u0642.\u0645)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0637 \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f &#8220;\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0635\u064a\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9\" title=\"11|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0627&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643&#8221; (Companion Cavalry)\u060c \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648. \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0663\u0668 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 &#8220;\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062b\u0648\u0633&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2022\/7\/20\/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87\/5842699\" title=\"12|\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0663\u0666 \u0642.\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064e \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"alexander-youth\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-2\">\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0665\u0666 \u0642.\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062b\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/metalsy.com\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7\/\" title=\"13|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a: \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627|\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0664\u0663 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 <strong>\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/strong> (\u0663\u0668\u0664\u2013\u0663\u0662\u0662 \u0642.\u0645)\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0645\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0637\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88\" title=\"14|\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062e\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0640 \u062c\u062f\u064f\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0647 \u0640 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0663\u0666 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 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\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0663\u0665 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0637\u0651\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064e\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2022\/7\/20\/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87\/5842699\" title=\"15|\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"persian-campaign\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-3\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0663\u0664 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0644) \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0626\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 (\u0663\u0663\u0664 \u0642.\u0645)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0663\u0663\u0664 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u064f\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Granicus\" title=\"16|Battle of the Granicus|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0648\u0633 (\u0663\u0663\u0663 \u0642.\u0645)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0648\u0633 (\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629) \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b\u061b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/alexander-the-great-key-battles-empire\" title=\"17|Alexander the Great: 6 Key Battles and a Siege|HISTORY|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627 (\u0663\u0663\u0661 \u0642.\u0645)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 (\u0623\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642) \u064a\u064f\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Gaugamela\" title=\"18|Battle of Gaugamela|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 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\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0663\u0663 \u0642.\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b: \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647. \u0641\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0644. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/almanalmagazine.com\/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85\/\" title=\"19|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645|\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644|2014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631 (\u0663\u0663\u0662 \u0642.\u0645)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061f \u0641\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a (\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642) \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0663\u0662 \u0642.\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0645\u0635\u0631 (\u0663\u0663\u0662\u2013\u0663\u0663\u0661 \u0642.\u0645)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646&#8221; \u0644\u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0663\u0663\u0661 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f: <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mawdoo3.com\/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"20|\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629|\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0646&#8221; \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629: \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u061f\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"central-asia-india\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-5\">\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f: \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0663\u0660 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u064f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0663\u0662\u0669\u2013\u0663\u0662\u0667 \u0642.\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u063a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 (\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/ancient-world\/how-big-was-alexander-the-great-s-empire-at-its-peak.html\" title=\"21|How Big Was Alexander the Great&#039;s Empire at Its Peak?|World Atlas|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 <strong>\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627<\/strong> \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0662\u0666 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0644\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629: <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633<\/strong> \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 (\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06a4\u0627) \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0632\u0648\u0645\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0643. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/alexander-the-great-key-battles-empire\" title=\"22|Alexander the Great: 6 Key Battles and a Siege|HISTORY|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 &#8220;\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0647. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1\" title=\"23|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"military-genius\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-6\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631&#8221; \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629: \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Alexander-the-Great\" title=\"24|Alexander the Great|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0647\u061b \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u062f\u0651\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062f\u0651\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ireadhub.com\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1\/\" title=\"25|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629|iReadHub|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n&#8220;\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0631. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0647.&#8221;<br \/>\n<strong>\u2014 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"cities-hellenism\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-7\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0650 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 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\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.2thar.com\/2024\/02\/alex-ander.html\" title=\"26|\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a|\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 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\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A\" title=\"27|\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Alexander-the-Great\" title=\"28|Alexander the Great|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"death-babylon\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-8\">\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0631<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0663\u0662\u0663 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u062d\u0641\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628. \u0645\u0643\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0663\u0662\u0663 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062b\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644: <em>&#8220;\u062a\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648&#8221;<\/em> \u0623\u064a &#8220;\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mc-doualiya.com\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7\/20210613-13-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88-323-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84\" title=\"29|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644|\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0626\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0639\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062e\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062e \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646-\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0647&#8221;.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u064f \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064e\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/streetstory.gov.eg\/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1\/\" title=\"30|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631|\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 - \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"diadochi-successors\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-9\">\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u062e\u064a): \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645: \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u062e\u064a&#8221; (Diadochi \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0663\u0662\u0662 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0662\u0668\u0661 \u0642.\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Wars_of_the_Diadochi\/\" title=\"31|Wars of the Diadochi|World History Encyclopedia|2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064e\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0642) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u064f\u0632\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/aftermath-alexander-the-great-death\/\" title=\"32|What Happened After Alexander the Great&#039;s Death?|The Collector|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0663\u0660\u0661 \u0642.\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0668\u0661 \u0642.\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0661.<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0663\u0660 \u0642.\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0633)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649. <strong>\u0662.<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 (\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b. <strong>\u0663.<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 (\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0664\u0668 \u0642.\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/ancient-world\/the-war-of-alexander-s-successors-2026.html\" title=\"33|The War of Alexander&#039;s Successors|World Atlas|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0628\u064e\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631) \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"legacy-civilizations\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-10\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 (\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631)\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631<\/em> (\u0644\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.almashhad.com\/article\/459217420284850-entertainment\/821013923779017-%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\/\" title=\"34|\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645|\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u061b \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0640<strong>\u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0649 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\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/travel\/article\/2025\/02\/08\/alexander-the-great-macedon-persian-empire-darius\" title=\"35|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645|CNN \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064c \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 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\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0630\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0629\u061f \u0623\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u061f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 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\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Alexander-the-Great\" title=\"36|Alexander the Great|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2750,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,157],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2749","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-hadaraat-al-qadeema"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2749"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2751,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions\/2751"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2750"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2749"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2749"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2749"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}