{"id":2746,"date":"2026-06-10T14:19:32","date_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:49:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2746"},"modified":"2026-06-10T14:19:32","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:49:32","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d9%88%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d9%88%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<article class=\"cosmalore-article\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\n<p><!-- ==================== \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 ==================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"introduction\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-0\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645: \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/yalebooks.yale.edu\/book\/9780300227284\/the-mongols-and-the-islamic-world\/\" title=\"1|The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion|Peter Jackson - Yale University Press|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629\u064e \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.openstax.org\/books\/world-history-volume-1\/pages\/14-3-the-mongol-empire-fragments\" title=\"2|The Mongol Empire Fragments - World History Volume 1|OpenStax|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064f\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646: \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u062a <strong>\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0642) \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0666\u0669\u0664\u0647\u0640\/\u0661\u0662\u0669\u0665\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u062a <strong>\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u062a\u0627\u064a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.islamonweb.net\/from-persecutors-to-reverts-the-fascinating-journey-of-the-mongol-empire-to-islam\" title=\"3|From Persecutors to Reverts: The Fascinating Journey of the Mongol Empire to Islam|Islamonweb|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.kku.edu.sa\/ar\/node\/163\" title=\"4|\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645|\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a - \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ==================== \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc ==================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"infobox-section\">\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"ib-title\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">~\u0666\u0664\u0669\u0647\u0640 \u2013 \u0667\u0666\u0665\u0647\u0640 \/ \u0661\u0662\u0665\u0662\u0645 \u2013 \u0661\u0663\u0666\u0663\u0645 (\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0646)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646) \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 ~\u0661\u0662\u0665\u0662\u0645 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iconaat.com\/2025\/02\/08\/barakat-khan\/\" title=\"5|\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645|\u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 (\u0661\u0662\u0668\u0662\u2013\u0661\u0662\u0668\u0664\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0666\u0669\u0664\u0647\u0640\/\u0661\u0662\u0669\u0665\u0645 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/islamonline.net\/archive\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%92%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84\/\" title=\"6|\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644|\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (\u0661\u0663\u0661\u0663\u2013\u0661\u0663\u0664\u0661\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u062a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u064f\u063a\u0644\u064f\u0642 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 (\u0661\u0663\u0664\u0668\u2013\u0661\u0663\u0666\u0663\u0645) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.islamonweb.net\/from-persecutors-to-reverts-the-fascinating-journey-of-the-mongol-empire-to-islam\" title=\"7|From Persecutors to Reverts|Islamonweb|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u062a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%82\" title=\"8|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0642 - \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">Peter Jackson\u060c <em>The Mongols and the Islamic World<\/em>\u060c Yale University Press\u060c 2017 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/yalebooks.yale.edu\/book\/9780300227284\/the-mongols-and-the-islamic-world\/\" title=\"9|The Mongols and the Islamic World|Yale University Press|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <em>\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a<\/em>\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ==================== \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 ==================== --><\/p>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"religious-background\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-1\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jhse.journals.ekb.eg\/article_231984.html\" title=\"10|\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646|\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639: \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0628\u0648&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u064a&#8221; \u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mabdaa.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/25-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84.pdf\" title=\"11|\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644|\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a-\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0642\u0637. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84\" title=\"12|\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/yalebooks.yale.edu\/book\/9780300227284\/the-mongols-and-the-islamic-world\/\" title=\"13|The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion|Peter Jackson - Yale University Press|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"yasa-and-tolerance\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-2\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (\u062a \u0666\u0662\u0664\u0647\u0640\/\u0661\u0662\u0662\u0667\u0645) \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0642&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0642&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a&#8221;. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0650\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7\" title=\"14|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 - \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646|\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%82\" title=\"15|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0642|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064e\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0628\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0662\u0669\u0665\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/islamqa.info\/ar\/answers\/103302\" title=\"16|\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627|\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628|2007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"berke-khan\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-3\">\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646: \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0666\u0665\u0663\u2013\u0666\u0666\u0665\u0647\u0640 \/ \u0661\u0662\u0665\u0667\u2013\u0661\u0662\u0666\u0667\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0662\u0665\u0662\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644: \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646 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\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649.<br \/>\n<strong>\u2014 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"ilkhanate-islam\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-4\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (\u062a \u0666\u0666\u0663\u0647\u0640\/\u0661\u0662\u0666\u0665\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0662\u0665\u0668\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0646 (\u0661\u0662\u0666\u0665\u2013\u0661\u0662\u0668\u0662\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.islamonweb.net\/from-persecutors-to-reverts-the-fascinating-journey-of-the-mongol-empire-to-islam\" title=\"20|From Persecutors to Reverts: The Fascinating Journey of the Mongol Empire to Islam|Islamonweb|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong> (\u0661\u0662\u0668\u0662\u2013\u0661\u0662\u0668\u0664\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/islamonline.net\/archive\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%92%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84\/\" title=\"21|\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644|\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646<\/strong> (\u0666\u0669\u0664\u2013\u0667\u0660\u0663\u0647\u0640 \/ \u0661\u0662\u0669\u0665\u2013\u0661\u0663\u0660\u0664\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0637\u062d\u0628 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a\u0647. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0629\u064c \u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0666\u0669\u0664\u0647\u0640\/\u0661\u0662\u0669\u0665\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f&#8221;. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arabicpost.net\/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9\/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA\/2021\/06\/04\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%8A\/\" title=\"22|\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646|\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u064f \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0667\u0665\u0666\u0647\u0640\/\u0661\u0663\u0665\u0665\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0650 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e&#8221;) \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/islamonline.net\/archive\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%92%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84\/\" title=\"23|\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646|\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arabicpost.net\/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9\/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA\/2021\/06\/04\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%8A\/\" title=\"24|\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646|\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"golden-horde-islamization\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-5\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0650 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0662\u0666\u0667\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064e \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u064f \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/remmm\/10705?lang=en\" title=\"25|Comparing the Islamisation of the Jochid and H\u00fcleg\u00fcid Uluses|Revue des mondes musulmans et de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0646<\/strong> (\u063a\u064a\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0667\u0661\u0662\u2013\u0667\u0664\u0662\u0647\u0640 \/ \u0661\u0663\u0661\u0663\u2013\u0661\u0663\u0664\u0661\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0662\u0668\u0662\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%83_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86\" title=\"26|\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0646|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0641\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u064e \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"27|\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n<strong>\u2014 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/remmm\/10705?lang=en\" title=\"28|Comparing the Islamisation of the Jochid and H\u00fcleg\u00fcid Uluses: Muslim and Christian Perspectives|Revue des mondes musulmans et de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"chagatai-islamization\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-6\">\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u062a\u0627\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 <strong>\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u062a\u0627\u064a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.studocu.com\/en-us\/document\/university-of-pennsylvania\/topics-in-east-asian-religions\/mongol-conversion-to-islam-insights-and-historical-context-hist-32\/139125044\" title=\"29|Mongol Conversion to Islam: Insights and Historical Context|University of Pennsylvania - Studocu|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u062a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0634\u0627\u0647<\/strong> (\u0661\u0662\u0666\u0666\u0645)\u060c \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062c\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0644. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 <strong>\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong> (\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0661\u0663\u0663\u0664\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u064f\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tarmashirin\" title=\"30|Tarmashirin|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u062a\u0627\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f <strong>\u062a\u064f\u063a\u0644\u064f\u0642 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646<\/strong> (\u0661\u0663\u0664\u0668\u2013\u0661\u0663\u0666\u0663\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0661\u0663\u0665\u0668 \u0648\u0661\u0663\u0666\u0663\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u062a\u0627\u064a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.islamonweb.net\/from-persecutors-to-reverts-the-fascinating-journey-of-the-mongol-empire-to-islam\" title=\"31|From Persecutors to Reverts: The Fascinating Journey of Mongol Empire to Islam|Islamonweb|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"sufism-role\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-7\">\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/yalebooks.yale.edu\/book\/9780300227284\/the-mongols-and-the-islamic-world\/\" title=\"32|The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion|Peter Jackson - Yale University Press|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0642\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.openstax.org\/books\/world-history-volume-1\/pages\/14-3-the-mongol-empire-fragments\" title=\"33|The Mongol Empire Fragments|OpenStax World History Volume 1|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kingsandgenerals.libsyn.com\/history-of-the-mongols-special-islamization\" title=\"34|History of the Mongols Special: Islamization|Kings and Generals - Ages of Conquest Podcast|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"merchants-scholars\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-8\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621: \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kingsandgenerals.libsyn.com\/history-of-the-mongols-special-islamization\" title=\"35|History of the Mongols Special: Islamization|Kings and Generals|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064d\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0636\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0626\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"36|\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631: \u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0625\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0645. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.almasryalyoum.com\/news\/details\/3246550\" title=\"37|\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645|\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"political-dimensions\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-9\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0647\u062f\u0651\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/remmm\/10705?lang=en\" title=\"38|Comparing the Islamisation of the Jochid and H\u00fcleg\u00fcid Uluses|Revue des mondes musulmans et de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0643 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kingsandgenerals.libsyn.com\/history-of-the-mongols-special-islamization\" title=\"39|History of the Mongols Special: Islamization|Kings and Generals|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[39]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064c \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelastdialogue.org\/article\/the-mighty-mongol-empire-and-its-islamization\/\" title=\"40|The Mighty Mongol Empire and Its Islamization|The Last Dialogue|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"civilizational-effects\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-10\">\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629: \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.openstax.org\/books\/world-history-volume-1\/pages\/14-3-the-mongol-empire-fragments\" title=\"41|The Mongol Empire Fragments|OpenStax World History|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e&#8221; \u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062a \u0667\u0661\u0668\u0647\u0640\/\u0661\u0663\u0661\u0668\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0644\u0646\u0643 (\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0643) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u062a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/yalebooks.yale.edu\/book\/9780300227284\/the-mongols-and-the-islamic-world\/\" title=\"42|The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion|Yale University Press|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[42]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0638\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0631 (\u0661\u0664\u0668\u0663\u2013\u0661\u0665\u0663\u0660\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 Mughal) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sacredfootsteps.com\/2020\/09\/30\/the-mongol-transition-to-islam\/\" title=\"43|The Mongol Transition to Islam|Sacred Footsteps|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[43]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645: \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b &#8220;\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641&#8221;\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kingsandgenerals.libsyn.com\/history-of-the-mongols-special-islamization\" title=\"44|History of the Mongols Special: Islamization - Kings and Generals|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[44]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"academic-debate\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-11\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064c \u062e\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/remmm\/10705?lang=en\" title=\"45|Comparing the Islamisation of the Jochid and H\u00fcleg\u00fcid Uluses|Revue des mondes musulmans et de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a\u064f\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062d\u0627\u062d&#8221; \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ahr\/article-abstract\/123\/4\/1301\/5114751\" title=\"46|Review: Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the Islamic World|American Historical Review - Oxford Academic|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[46]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a&#8221; (Yale University Press, 2017) \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies\/article\/abs\/peter-jackson-the-mongols-and-the-islamic-world-from-conquest-to-conversion-xx-614-pp-new-haven-yale-university-press-2017-isbn-978-0-300-12533-7\/90FE540DD83FEC9DD3B9BB888363E064\" title=\"47|Review of Peter Jackson: The Mongols and the Islamic World|Bulletin of SOAS - Cambridge Core|2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============ \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 ============ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"conclusion\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-12\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/culture\/2024\/8\/20\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86\" title=\"48|\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0631\u062d\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645|\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[48]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2747,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[169,156,165],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-imbaraturiya-al-mughuliya","category-al-tarikh","category-al-duwal-wal-imbaraturiyat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2746","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2746"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2746\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2748,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2746\/revisions\/2748"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2747"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2746"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2746"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2746"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}