{"id":2742,"date":"2026-06-10T14:13:53","date_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:43:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2742"},"modified":"2026-06-10T14:15:01","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:45:01","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03a1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/td>\n\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u2014 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1557\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 (\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u0629 \/ \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n~3,500,000 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 (\u0639\u0647\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c 555\u0645) [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 (\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a<\/td>\n11 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 330\u0645 \u2014 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n555\u0645 \u2014 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637<\/td>\n29 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1453\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n~1,123 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 (\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (306\u2013363\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (867\u20131056\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (1261\u20131453\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\nCorpus Juris Civilis (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c 529\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 (532\u2013537\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/div>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

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\n
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\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a (Corpus Juris Civilis) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u062f<\/h3>\n

\n\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 529 \u0648534\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u00bb[7]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 (Codex)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Digest \u0623\u0648 Pandects)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Institutes)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Novellae). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627[8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u00ab\u0625\u0646 Corpus Juris Civilis \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00bb.
\n \u2014 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c 2009\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0622\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (532\u2013537\u0645)<\/h3>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627<\/h3>\n

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\n
\n<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1081\u20131185\u0645<\/td>\n\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n1204\u20131261\u0645<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\n
\n<\/p>\n

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\n
\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0651\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0633 (\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633) \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 863\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 988\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629[14]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 (1054\u0645)<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 (\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0647)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1054\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1964\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633[15]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1204\u0645)<\/h2>\n

\n\u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1204\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u00ab\u0623\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u00bb \u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645[15]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1204\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a[16]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1261\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 (1453\u0645)<\/h2>\n

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\n \u00ab\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064e \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00bb.
\n \u2014 \u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1453\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n


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\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n

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\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064f\u0643\u0631\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Greek Fire\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 672\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 (\u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643). \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0630\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0626 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0639\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629[12]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0631\u0639\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0639\u0628.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a 674\u0645 \u0648717\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a \u00ab\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u00bb (Renaissance) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b[3]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

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