{"id":2738,"date":"2026-06-10T14:11:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:41:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2738"},"modified":"2026-06-10T14:11:58","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:41:58","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 British Empire<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\nBritish Empire (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 + \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 + \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u061b \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 (1920)<\/td>\n35,500,000 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 \u2014 24% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (1913)<\/td>\n412 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u2014 23% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 50 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639<\/td>\n1497\u0645 \u2014 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n1607\u0645 \u2014 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1920\u0645 \u2014 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n1947\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1997\u0645 \u2014 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n1583\u20131783\u0645 (\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1783\u20131945\u0645 (\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/td>\n\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b (56 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a 1600\u0645\u061b \u0623\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062a 1874\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646 19\u201320)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1913\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643[3]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u00bb\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064c \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0642\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a (Royal Navy) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064e\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (East India Company) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644[4]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062a\u064f\u0642\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1583\u20131783\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1783\u20131947\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0631\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627[5]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1947\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0646\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0647\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0624\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627.\n<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631: \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0627\u0633 (1494\u0645). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0626 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1497\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0646\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a[3]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b\u064a (1558\u20131603\u0645) \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0632\u062e\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639\u062a -\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629- \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a 1577\u20131580\u0645 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0643 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 (1585\u060c 1587\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631[6]<\/a><\/sup>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0643\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1600\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb (East India Company) \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627[4]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 -\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644- \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f (1607\u20131783\u0645)<\/h2>\n

\n\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1607\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 (\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c 1620\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631[3]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1655\u0645\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064b: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0629\u00bb (Triangular Trade) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627: \u062a\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064e\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0642\u064e\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627[7]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb.\n<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1756\u20131763\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\n\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 (1756\u20131763\u0645) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 (1763\u0645) \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u063a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1757\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629[8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1776\u20131783\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\n\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (No Taxation without Representation)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1776\u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 (1783\u0645) \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629[5]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 (1783\u20131914\u0645)<\/h2>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 -\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e\u0648\u0646- \u00ab\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u00bb\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b (1768\u20131780\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629[9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n

\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a -\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627- \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0624\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1800\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0636\u0639\u0641\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645: \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u064b \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627[11]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646 1857\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1857\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629-\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u00bb\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u064f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0635\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629[11]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb (British Raj)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1858\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u00ab\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627: \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1815\u20131914\u0645)<\/h2>\n

\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1815\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 (Royal Navy) \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u00bb (Gunboat Diplomacy) \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641. \u0648\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627\u00bb (Pax Britannica\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u00bb[9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627[1]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629: \u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627.\n<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646: \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a (1839\u20131860\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 (1839\u20131842\u0645 \u06481856\u20131860\u0645)\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0646 (1842\u0645) \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1997\u0645[12]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (1880\u20131914\u0645)<\/h2>\n

\n\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u00bb (Scramble for Africa). \u0641\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 (1880\u20131914\u0645)\u060c \u0642\u0641\u0632\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627[13]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (1884\u201385\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644: \u0645\u0635\u0631 (1882\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0651 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627[14]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (1899\u20131902\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631)\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u0634\u0628\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1899\u20131902\u0645). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644: \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 (Concentration Camps) \u062d\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629[15]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0646\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 -\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u064f\u0643\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631- \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629[16]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1807\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f (Slave Trade Act 1807)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1833\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 (Slavery Abolition Act 1833). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a[17]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1914\u20131918\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u064f\u062b\u0642\u064e\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629 (\u0642\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920\u0645 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647[1]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1939\u20131945\u0645) \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629) \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0641\u064a 1941\u20131942\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0629[18]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a (1947\u20131997\u0645)<\/h2>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1947\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0631\u0648. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0642\u064f\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629[19]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u00bb \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627 (\u063a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a) \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627[3]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1956\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0644\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u00ab\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0628\u0651\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00bb.
\n \u2014 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1960\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1997\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627[18]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/h2>\n

\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a (Common Law) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633[13]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 -\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627- \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 (1845\u20131852\u0645) \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 (1943\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0630\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631 (1919\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0648 (1952\u20131960\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a[20]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b (Commonwealth of Nations)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629[21]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u00ab\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb.
\n \u2014 \u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u00bb\u060c 2003\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2739,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,165],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2738","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-duwal-wal-imbaraturiyat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2738","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2738"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2738\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2741,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2738\/revisions\/2741"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2739"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2738"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2738"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2738"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}