{"id":2728,"date":"2026-06-10T14:01:24","date_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:31:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2728"},"modified":"2026-06-10T14:04:05","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T10:34:05","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%b2%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%b2%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00b7<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\nDeutsches Reich (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (Reichsmark)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n540,766 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n~2,900,000 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 (\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (1871)<\/td>\n41,000,000 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (1913)<\/td>\n67,000,000 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n25 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 (4 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u060c 6 \u062f\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c 13 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c 3 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n18 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1871 \u2014 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637<\/td>\n9 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918 \u2014 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n47 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 (1871\u20131918)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1871\u20131888)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (99 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u2014 1888)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/td>\n\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1888\u20131918)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 (1871\u20131890)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641<\/td>\n\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631 (1919)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a (1919)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u2014 11 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: Deutsches Kaiserreich)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb (Deutsches Reich)\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1871 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918[3]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a -\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1806- \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 (1815\u20131898)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629[4]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 (1864\u20131871)\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u064e \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0636\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u062f.\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 1918 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1914\u20131918)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1919. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

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\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f<\/h2>\n

\n\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1806 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 962\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u063a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629: \u0633\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb (Deutscher Bund) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 1815 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649[6]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0643\u0628\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646\u00bb (Zollverein) \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1834\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0639\u062c\u0650\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a[6]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0650\u0651\u062e\u0629\u064b \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a 1848 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u00bb \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0647\u0636\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b (1864\u20131871)<\/h2>\n

\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1862 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f. \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647[7]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 (1864)<\/h3>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0641\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0634\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0641\u064a\u063a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1863\u060c \u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1864\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628[8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 (1866) \u2014 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632<\/h3>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629: \u0636\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 (1870\u20131871) \u2014 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f<\/h3>\n

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\n \u00ab\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u2026 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u2026 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u00bb.
\n \u2014 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1871<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1871\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0636\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064e \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064e \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u064e \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u064f\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645[2]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064e\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627[7]<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u063a (Reichstag) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 397 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0637 (Bundesrat) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a (Reichskanzler) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a[7]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 (1871\u20131890): \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0623\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Junker\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0645\u067e\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0645\u067e\u0641\u00bb (Kulturkampf)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u00bb. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a (Zentrum)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 1871\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0635\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064f\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0651 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u00ab\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1878. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1883 \u0633\u064f\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0637\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a 1884 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a 1889 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632[3]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0623\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062c \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u00bb (1873\u20131881) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062b\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u00bb (Dual Alliance\u060c 1879) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062b\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u00bb (Triple Alliance\u060c 1882) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u00ab\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u00bb (R\u00fcckversicherungsvertrag\u060c 1887) \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628[8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u06a4\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1888 \u0628\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 -\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629- \u0644\u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629[11]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1890\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643. \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u00ab\u067e\u0646\u0634\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064e (\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645) \u064a\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 (\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629[8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u06a4\u064a\u0644\u062a\u067e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643: \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633<\/h3>\n

\n\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u06a4\u064a\u0644\u062a\u067e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u00bb (Weltpolitik)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u00ab\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u00bb \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u00ab\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1890 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1894\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u00bb (Entente Cordiale\u060c 1904)\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0642\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627[12]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/h3>\n

\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 (\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 HMS Dreadnought\u060c 1906) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627[13]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 1871 \u06481914 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629[5]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631<\/th>\n1871<\/th>\n1913<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n41 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n67 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n+63%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646)<\/td>\n~0.3<\/td>\n17.6<\/td>\n\u00d759<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646)<\/td>\n34<\/td>\n190<\/td>\n\u00d75.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643)<\/td>\n2,500<\/td>\n10,097<\/td>\n\u00d74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n~36%<\/td>\n~60%<\/td>\n\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628 (Krupp) \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u062e\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 90% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 1900[5]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u063a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1895 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1901\u061b \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0648\u062e \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644 (1882) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 (1883)\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u061b \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1905 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646[4]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0634\u062a\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

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\n
\n<\/p>\n

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\n
\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064e \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u064e \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629[18]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0644 (Kieler Matrosenaufstand) \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627[18]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u062e \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u064e\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u067e \u0634\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u063a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0643\u0646\u064a\u062e\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631[19]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1941\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627[20]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1918 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641. \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a (\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1919) \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 13% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064810% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1921 \u0628\u0640132 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2010[3]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062c\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2729,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,165,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2728","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-duwal-wal-imbaraturiyat","category-1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2728","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2728"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2728\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2732,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2728\/revisions\/2732"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2729"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2728"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2728"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2728"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}