{"id":2689,"date":"2026-06-09T08:51:10","date_gmt":"2026-06-09T05:21:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2689"},"modified":"2026-06-09T08:52:09","modified_gmt":"2026-06-09T05:22:09","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<article class=\"cosmalore-article\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\n<section class=\"intro-section\">\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f 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\u0641\u064a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u064d\u0651 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u062d\u0648 22.4 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u064f\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/history-of-the-soviet-union\" title=\"1|History of the Soviet Union|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1917\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 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target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u064b \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ========================= INFOBOX ========================= --><\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a (USSR)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">30 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1922\u0645 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/formation-of-the-soviet-union\/\" title=\"3|Formation of the Soviet Union|Lumen Learning|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">26 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">22,402,200 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 (\u0633\u064f\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">293 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 (1991\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">15 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/history-of-the-soviet-union\" title=\"4|History of the Soviet Union|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u2014 1922-1924\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1924-1953\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1953-1964\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1964-1982\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1985-1991\u0645 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/politics-and-government\/dissolution-soviet-union\" title=\"5|Dissolution of the Soviet Union|EBSCO|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">~27 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1949\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">4 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1957\u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">12 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1961\u0645 \u2014 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/soviet-union.com\/ussr\" title=\"6|USSR Overview|Soviet-Union.com|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">25 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ========================= END INFOBOX ========================= --><\/p>\n<p><!-- ========================= MAIN ARTICLE ========================= --><\/p>\n<section class=\"article-body\">\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0645\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1917\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f (\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f) \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0647\u0650\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-birth-of-the-soviet-union-and-the-death-of-the-russian-revolution\/\" title=\"7|The Birth of the Soviet Union|JSTOR Daily|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1917\u0645 (\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645) \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631&#8221; \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 &#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f &#8220;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628&#8221;. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 1917 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1922\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"http:\/\/smarthistories.com\/soviet-russia\/\" title=\"8|A Brief History of Soviet Russia|Smart Histories|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1922\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics\" title=\"9|Treaty on the Creation of the USSR|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 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\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1921\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221; (NEP) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0623\u0646\u0639\u0634\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"10|History of the Soviet Union|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u064f\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1922\u0645\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1924\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u063a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Soviet-Union\" title=\"11|Soviet Union|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 (1878-1953\u0645)\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0628\u062d\u0646\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a&#8221; \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/history-of-the-soviet-union\" title=\"12|History of the Soviet Union|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1927\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642&#8221; \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1928\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u0645. \u0636\u062e\u0651\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/exhibits\/archives\/intn.html\" title=\"13|Internal Workings of the Soviet Union|Library of Congress|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 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\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u062f\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 1932-1933\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631&#8221; \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Soviet-Union\/Toward-the-second-Revolution-1927-30\" title=\"14|Soviet Union: Collectivization|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631: 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\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/gulag\" title=\"15|Gulag History|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0645\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646: 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\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 1929\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0636\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Gulag\" title=\"16|Gulag|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1936 \u06481938\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631&#8221; \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 750,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u0632\u0639\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyskills.com\/classroom\/modern-history\/gulags\/\" title=\"17|The Gulag System|History Skills|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 &#8220;\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634&#8221; \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u062d\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1970\u0645.\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643.<br \/>\n<strong>\u2014 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a&#8221;\u060c 1973\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1941\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641-\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1939\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627&#8221; \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u063a\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 2,900 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631. \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0642\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a 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\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f (\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1942\u0645 &#8211; \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1943\u0645) \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0646\u062d\u0648 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\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1953-1960\/sputnik\" title=\"20|Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age|US State Department|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1949\u0645\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644&#8221; (MAD)\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0645\u0650\u0651\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1962\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/arms-race\" title=\"21|Arms Race|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621: \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1957\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a &#8220;\u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0643-1&#8243;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0639\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1961\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 &#8220;\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 108 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldhistory2\/chapter\/the-space-race\/\" title=\"22|The Space Race|Lumen Learning|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621: \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 (\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u060c 1963\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 (\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641\u060c 1965\u0645). \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0637\u0623 \u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1969\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0647\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1966\u0645.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1953\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064f\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1956\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0636\u062d \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0632\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f&#8221;\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u064f\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u064f\u0641\u0650\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Soviet-Union\" title=\"23|Soviet Union|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 1962\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 1961\u0645. \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1964\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 (1964-1982\u0645) \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f&#8221; (Stagnation)\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u063a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f. \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1979\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhit.com\/the-dark-underworld-of-brezhnevs-kremlin\/\" title=\"24|Brezhnev&#039;s Kremlin|History Hit|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0629\u064b 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\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0642\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"25|Five-Year Plans of the Soviet Union|New World Encyclopedia|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f: \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u062d\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Soviet-Union\/Economic-policy\" title=\"26|Soviet Union Economic Policy|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631: \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1985\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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rel=\"noopener\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642 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\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0647&#8221; \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/politics-and-government\/dissolution-soviet-union\" title=\"28|Dissolution of the Soviet Union|EBSCO|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1991\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a 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\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062b\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"29|Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647.<br \/>\n<strong>\u2014 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c 25 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b 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\u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/history-of-the-soviet-union\" title=\"30|History of the Soviet Union|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 (\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"31|History of the Soviet Union|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Soviet-Union\" title=\"32|Soviet Union|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u063a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/fall-of-soviet-union\" title=\"33|Collapse of the Soviet Union|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Soviet-Union\" title=\"34|Soviet Union|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ========================= END MAIN ARTICLE ========================= --><\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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