{"id":2686,"date":"2026-08-16T15:34:19","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T15:34:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2686"},"modified":"2026-08-20T06:11:17","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T06:11:17","slug":"the-scientific-revolution-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/the-scientific-revolution-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0632\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645[1]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1543 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u0628\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643[4]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1543 – 1687\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/td>\n1543\u0645[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0644\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628<\/td>\n1609 – 1619\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n1609 – 1610\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634<\/td>\n1633\u0645[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n1660\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1687\u0645[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u0628\u0644\u0631<\/td>\n\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a<\/td>\n\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646<\/td>\n\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n

\n
\"Nikolaus
Nikolaus Kopernikus 2.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n
\"Galileo
Galileo Galilei by Ottavio Leoni Marucelliana (cropped).jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n
\"Kopernikus,
Kopernikus, Gilbert, Galilee, Kepler.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n
\"Mainz,
Mainz, Germany, Silver Medal 1840, Gutenberg Printing Press 400th Anniversary, obverse.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633<\/h2>\n

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