{"id":2682,"date":"2026-06-09T08:35:42","date_gmt":"2026-06-09T05:05:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2682"},"modified":"2026-06-09T08:35:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-09T05:05:42","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%81\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641"},"content":{"rendered":"<article class=\"cosmalore-article\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\n<section class=\"intro-section\">\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1864\u0645 \u06481949\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a (International Humanitarian Law). \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1949\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/law-and-policy\/geneva-conventions-and-their-commentaries\" title=\"1|The Geneva Conventions and their Commentaries|ICRC|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u062e \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1864\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"2|Geneva Conventions|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u0645\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631&#8221;.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 196 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.redcross.org.uk\/about-us\/what-we-do\/protecting-people-in-armed-conflict\/geneva-conventions\" title=\"3|Geneva Conventions|British Red Cross|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a 1949\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ========================= INFOBOX ========================= --><\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">22 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1864\u0645 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"4|Geneva Conventions|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">12 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1949\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0650\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">196 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a) <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guide-humanitarian-law.org\/content\/article\/3\/geneva-conventions-of-1949-and-additional-protocols-i-and-ii-of-1977\/\" title=\"5|Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocols|Guide to Humanitarian Law|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a (IHL)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 (1828-1910\u0645) \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (GCI)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (GCII)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 (GCIII)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (GCIV)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/law-and-policy\/geneva-conventions-and-their-commentaries\" title=\"6|The Geneva Conventions|ICRC|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1977\u0645)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u2014 174 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1977\u0645)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2014 168 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (2005\u0645)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631&#8221; <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.redcross.org\/content\/dam\/redcross\/atg\/PDF_s\/International_Services\/International_Humanitarian_Law\/IHL_SummaryGenevaConv.pdf\" title=\"7|Summary of the Geneva Conventions of 1949|American Red Cross|2011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a (IHL) \u2014 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 (ICRC)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (Memory of the World) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 2017\u0645 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/memory-world\/geneva-conventions-1864-1906-1929-and-1949-well-additional-protocols-1977-and-2005\" title=\"8|Geneva Conventions \u2014 Memory of the World|UNESCO|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ========================= END INFOBOX ========================= --><\/p>\n<p><!-- ========================= MAIN ARTICLE ========================= --><\/p>\n<section class=\"article-body\">\n<h2>\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1859\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0643\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 (1828-1910\u0645) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0648 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\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/founding-and-early-years-icrc-1863-1914\" title=\"9|Founding and early years of the ICRC|ICRC|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a: &#8220;\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629&#8221;. \u0634\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643. \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1862\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648&#8221; (A Memory of Solferino)\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647 1600 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/jean-henri-dunant\" title=\"10|Jean-Henri Dunant|EBSCO Research Starters|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 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\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1863\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1863\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a\u0647 36 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 16 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u064f\u0647\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thelaw.institute\/application-of-ihl\/origins-international-committee-red-cross-mission\/\" title=\"11|The Origins of the ICRC|The Law Institute|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1864\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 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\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0650\u0651\u064a\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1901\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2017680242\/\" title=\"12|Jean-Henri Dunant \u2014 ICRC Founder|Library of Congress|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0646 1864\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1949\u0645 \u2014 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1864\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1906\u0645:<\/strong> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1864\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (1870\u0645) \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1906\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627\u064a 1899\u0645 \u06481907\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/geneva-convention\" title=\"13|Geneva Convention History|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0627 1929\u0645:<\/strong> \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1914-1918\u0645) \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1929\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0643\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1906\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1929\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"14|Geneva Conventions|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 1949\u0645 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639:<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1939-1945\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0641\u062f\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1949\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1949\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geneve-int.ch\/geneva-conventions-160-years-history\" title=\"15|The Geneva Conventions: 160 years of history|Gen\u00e8ve internationale|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u064f\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1949\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062b \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1864\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a. \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Geneva_Convention\" title=\"16|First Geneva Convention|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b 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\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/law-and-policy\/geneva-conventions-and-their-commentaries\" title=\"17|The Geneva Conventions|ICRC|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629&#8221; (Grave Breaches) \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c 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\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0644\u062c\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627\u064a 1899\u0645 \u06481907\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/military-history.fandom.com\/wiki\/Geneva_Conventions\" title=\"18|Geneva Conventions|Military Wiki|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064e\u0633\u0648\u0627 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\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"19|Geneva Conventions|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629: \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 143 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/ihl-rules-of-war-FAQ-Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"20|Frequently asked questions: Rules of war|ICRC|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649: \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.redcross.org.uk\/about-us\/what-we-do\/protecting-people-in-armed-conflict\/geneva-conventions\" title=\"21|Geneva Conventions|British Red Cross|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0621<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"22|Geneva Conventions|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<strong>\u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c 12 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1949\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 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\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/law-and-policy\/criminal-repression-ihl-violations\" title=\"23|Criminal Repression of IHL Violations|ICRC|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[23]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva_Conventions\" title=\"24|Geneva Conventions|Wikipedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[24]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 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\u0648\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f: \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 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\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amun.org\/geneva-conventions\/\" title=\"25|The Geneva Conventions: A Primer|AMUN|2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[25]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a 1949\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/ihl-rules-of-war-FAQ-Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"26|Rules of War FAQ|ICRC|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u0645: \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1977\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sg\/en\/node\/191500\" title=\"27|Statement on 30th Anniversary of 1977 Additional Protocols|United Nations|2007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/britannica.com\/summary\/Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"28|Geneva Conventions Summary|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 (ICRC). \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1863\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gsdrc.org\/topic-guides\/international-legal-frameworks-for-humanitarian-action\/challenges\/compliance-with-and-enforcement-of-ihl\/\" title=\"29|Compliance and enforcement of IHL|GSDRC|2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/law-and-policy\/geneva-conventions-and-their-commentaries\" title=\"30|The Geneva Conventions and their Commentaries|ICRC|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[30]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Grave Breaches) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/casebook.icrc.org\/highlight\/criminal-repression-ihl-violations\" title=\"31|Criminal Repression of IHL Violations|ICRC Casebook|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[31]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u061b \u0641\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0648 (1945-1948\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a 1949\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (ICTY) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1993\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 (ICTR) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/law-and-policy\/criminal-repression-ihl-violations\" title=\"32|Criminal Repression of IHL Violations|ICRC|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[32]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (ICC) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1998\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2002\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/casebook.icrc.org\/law\/implementation-mechanisms\" title=\"33|Implementation Mechanisms of IHL|ICRC Casebook|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[33]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627. 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gsdrc.org\/topic-guides\/international-legal-frameworks-for-humanitarian-action\/challenges\/compliance-with-and-enforcement-of-ihl\/\" title=\"34|Compliance and enforcement of IHL|GSDRC|2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[34]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/amp\/news\/2024\/8\/12\/120-conflicts-worldwide-underscore-need-for-geneva-conventions-red-cross\" title=\"35|Gaza, Ukraine conflicts increasing Geneva Conventions violations|Al Jazeera|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628: \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2001\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628&#8221; \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0648\u0636\u0639 &#8220;\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628&#8221; \u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f 2001\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0648\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"36|Geneva Conventions|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u064f\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 &#8220;\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f&#8221; \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/ihl-rules-of-war-FAQ-Geneva-Conventions\" title=\"37|Rules of War FAQ|ICRC|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1864\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621) \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/red-cross\" title=\"38|Red Cross History|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1980\u0645. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631&#8221; (\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647) \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.redcross.org\/content\/dam\/redcross\/atg\/PDF_s\/International_Services\/International_Humanitarian_Law\/IHL_SummaryGenevaConv.pdf\" title=\"39|Summary of the Geneva Conventions of 1949|American Red Cross|2011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[39]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648: \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2017\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644 &#8220;\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645&#8221; \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1864\u0645\u060c 1906\u0645\u060c 1929\u0645\u060c 1949\u0645) \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (1977\u0645\u060c 2005\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 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\u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/memory-world\/geneva-conventions-1864-1906-1929-and-1949-well-additional-protocols-1977-and-2005\" title=\"40|Geneva Conventions \u2014 Memory of the World|UNESCO|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b 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\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0626\u0629\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/law-and-policy\/geneva-conventions-and-their-commentaries\" title=\"41|The Geneva Conventions and their Commentaries|ICRC|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ========================= END MAIN ARTICLE ========================= 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2683,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[156,193],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-al-tarikh","category-al-muahadat-wal-itifaqiyat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2682","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2682"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2682\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2684,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2682\/revisions\/2684"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2683"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2682"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2682"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2682"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}