{"id":2664,"date":"2026-06-09T08:14:25","date_gmt":"2026-06-09T04:44:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2664"},"modified":"2026-06-09T08:15:20","modified_gmt":"2026-06-09T04:45:20","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%a1%d9%a8%d9%a7%d9%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%a1%d9%a8%d9%a7%d9%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0661\u0668\u0667\u0668"},"content":{"rendered":"<article class=\"cosmalore-article\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\n<p>\n\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1878 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631) \u2014 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a (\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621) \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0631\u064a (\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 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\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 (\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631) \u2014 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621: \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u00b7 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Congress-of-Berlin\" title=\"1|Congress of Berlin|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0635<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (4 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1878)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0666\u0661 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalerinnern.org\/en\/event\/congress-of-berlin-and-the-reorganization-of-the-balkans-in-1878\/\" title=\"2|Congress of Berlin and the Reorganization of the Balkans|Globalerinnern|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0646\u064f\u0641\u0650\u0651\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1881)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 30 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u2192 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 1908<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u2192 \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ============================================================ --><br \/>\n<!-- MAIN ARTICLE --><br \/>\n<!-- ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-0\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636&#8221; \u0648\u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 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rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-1\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0661\u0668\u0667\u0667\u2013\u0661\u0668\u0667\u0668: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1877\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u062f\u062a \u0635\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 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rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 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\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645:<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f \u0641\u062f\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u064f\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0639\u062a 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\u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0643\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Congress_of_Berlin\" title=\"9|Congress of Berlin|New World Encyclopedia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631:<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1908 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1914.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 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\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/legalclarity.org\/the-treaty-of-berlin-1878-history-and-key-provisions\/\" title=\"10|Treaty of Berlin 1878|LegalClarity|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 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\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/globalerinnern.org\/en\/event\/congress-of-berlin-and-the-reorganization-of-the-balkans-in-1878\/\" title=\"11|Congress of Berlin 1878|Globalerinnern|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c 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