{"id":2650,"date":"2026-06-08T13:12:53","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T09:42:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2650"},"modified":"2026-06-08T13:12:53","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T09:42:53","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%aa%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a8-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a3%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%aa%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a8-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\n\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1948 \u06481994\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u2014 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f” \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0629) \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644” \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632”\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1948 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0634\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a” (Bantustans)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 1994 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627.\n<\/p>\n


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\n<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d<\/td>\n\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f (Apartheid) \u2014 “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1948 \u2014 1994 (46 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a (National Party \u2014 NP)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 (White)<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 (~15\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \/ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648 (Bantu\/Native)<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0634\u0629 (~70\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u0646 (Coloured)<\/td>\n\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a (~9\u066a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a (Asian\/Indian)<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 (~3\u066a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n1948\u20131954 (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0631\u062f<\/td>\n1958\u20131966 (\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/td>\n1978\u20131989<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0641.\u0648. \u062f\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643<\/td>\n1989\u20131994 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a (ANC) \u2014 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 1912<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 (\u0633\u064f\u062c\u0646 27 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b: 1964\u20131990)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648 (\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 1984)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0641\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n21 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1960 \u2014 69 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648<\/td>\n16 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1976 \u2014 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627<\/td>\n11 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1990<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n27 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1994 [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 (10 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1994)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n1995\u20131998\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1997<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n


\n
\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/h2>\n

\n\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1652\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 (\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u064a\u062e\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631” (Boers) \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636[2]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1795\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d. \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649” (Great Trek) \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064e\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 (1880\u20131881 \u06481899\u20131902) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1910 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a (ANC) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1912 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Natives Land Act) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1913\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 7\u066a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0651\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 20\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b.\n<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0661\u0669\u0664\u0668 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1948\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f” \u0648\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629[3]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 (Petty Apartheid) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (Grand Apartheid). \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u2014 \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062a “\u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0642\u0637” (Whites Only) \u0648”\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637” (Non-Whites) \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1948 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f:\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (Population Registration Act) 1950:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0626\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f (\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u2014 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641\u062a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0622\u0633\u064d \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064f\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629[4]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Group Areas Act) 1950:<\/strong> \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 “\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629”. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0632\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 600,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1983[5]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062d (Pass Laws):<\/strong> \u0623\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627[6]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064f\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062d.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 (Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act) 1949:<\/strong> \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064e\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648 (Bantu Education Act) 1953:<\/strong> \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0631\u062f \u0642\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0651\u062d \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f “\u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647” \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u064a (Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act) 1959:<\/strong> \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0646” \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a”\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1970\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 “\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647” \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0623 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064f\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0637[7]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0631\u062f: \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/h2>\n

\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0651\u0623\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0645\u062a\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a”\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644” (Separate Development) \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u064f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0634\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 60,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 (Sophiatown) \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1955\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0641” (Triumph) \u0623\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631”. \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1966 \u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629[8]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0628” (Townships) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.\n<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d<\/h2>\n

\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064e \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1912\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1952 “\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a” (Defiance Campaign) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1955\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f “\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629” (Freedom Charter)\u060c \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1960\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f: \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0641\u064a\u0644. \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a (PAC)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1959\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062d. \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u2014 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064f\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064f\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0646[9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645. \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0646\u064d\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a “\u0623\u0648\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0632\u0648\u064a” (Umkhonto we Sizwe) \u0623\u064a “\u0631\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1964 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0628\u062f.\n<\/p>\n

\n “\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u063a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629.”
\n \u2014 \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u060c “\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629”\u060c 1994[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0666: \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n

\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1976 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648 (Soweto) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0650\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0636) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621.\n<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644<\/h2>\n

\n\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0641\u064a\u0644 1960 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627[12]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1986\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f (Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act) \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0631\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646.\n<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631: \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

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\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629: \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648”: \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u061b \u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a[14]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 1996 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1998\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649 7,111 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0640849 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0635\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629[15]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1998 \u0641\u064a 976 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 3,500 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b[16]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n “\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0648\u0646\u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627.”
\n \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c 1997[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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