{"id":2636,"date":"2026-06-08T03:46:52","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T00:16:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2636"},"modified":"2026-06-08T08:22:24","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T04:52:24","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%83-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a5%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%83-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

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\n<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1992 \u2013 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1995 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629) \u00b7 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1995 (\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 \u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u00b7 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u00b7 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n\u0646\u062d\u0648 100,000 \u2013 104,000 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 (1992\u20131995) [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627<\/td>\n8,372 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u0634\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648<\/td>\n13,952 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 5,434 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b [3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 2,000,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n20,000 \u2013 50,000 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 [4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n\u0646\u062d\u0648 80\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0650\u0651\u0630\u0629<\/td>\n\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 (VRS) \u00b7 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 (\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 (\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a (JNA)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627) \u00b7 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 [5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (2007)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 ICTY<\/td>\n16 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0633\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0634 [6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\n
\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u2014 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0641\u064a 1990\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 “\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0631\u0628” \u0645\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0631\u062a\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 (VRS) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1992\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a 98\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629[10]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1992\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064d. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 “\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629” (Republika Srpska) \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631[11]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f.\n<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a: \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0661\u0669\u0669\u0662<\/h2>\n

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\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648: \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/h2>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1992\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064e \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0650\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 1,425 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1996[16]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u064f\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1993\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d\u0649[17]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0641\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1994 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 68 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a 142\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1995 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 43 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b[18]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0641\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0632\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0646\u064f\u0638\u0650\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635”\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0642 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 13,952 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646[19]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n “\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631. \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646.”
\n \u2014 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c 1996<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627 \u0661\u0669\u0669\u0665: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1995\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629” (Directive 7)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0642 “\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627”[21]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1995\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062a\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627 95” \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u064e \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

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\n “\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627: \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u064f\u062b\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064c\u0651 \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u062f \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0647.”
\n \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634\u060c 1996[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1993\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (ICTY) \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0631\u063a.\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 160 \u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0646 16 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001[31]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064d\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1948.\n<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 (ICMP) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0624\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996 \u2014 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a (DNA). \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 1995 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0628\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0646\u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629[32]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2025\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 75\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 31,500 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628[33]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a “\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 95,940 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1992 \u06481995\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629[34]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1996\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0639 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u064a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a “\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629” \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u064a\u064f\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.\n<\/p>\n

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