{"id":2631,"date":"2026-08-16T15:23:32","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T15:23:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2631"},"modified":"2026-08-22T15:14:41","modified_gmt":"2026-08-22T15:14:41","slug":"history-of-the-maghreb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/history-of-the-maghreb\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Maghreb\" title=\"1|Maghreb | History, Location, Languages, Map, and Facts|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/From-the-Arab-conquest-to-1830\" title=\"8|North Africa - Arab Conquest, Colonization, Decolonization|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0635\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1830\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1881 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1912\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1951 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1956 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1962 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/North-Africa-after-1830\" title=\"18|North Africa - Colonization, Decolonization, Conflict|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646.<\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 (Bil\u0101d al-Maghrib)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0632\u063a\u0627 (Tamazgha)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (\u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b)<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Maghreb\" title=\"1|Maghreb | History, Location, Languages, Map, and Facts|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 814 \u0642.\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Carthage-ancient-city-Tunisia\" title=\"3|Carthage | History, Location, and Facts|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">146 \u0642.\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">429\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/The-Vandal-conquest\" title=\"5|North Africa - Vandals, Conquest, History|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">533-534\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Belisarius\" title=\"6|Belisarius | Biography, Military Campaigns, and Facts|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">670\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Uqbah-ibn-Nafi\" title=\"7|Uqbah ibn Nafi | Arab general|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1056-1147\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Almoravids\" title=\"12|Rise and fall of the Almoravid dynasty|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1147-1269\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/The-Maghrib-under-the-Almoravids-and-the-Almohads\" title=\"14|North Africa - Almoravids, Almohads, Maghrib|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1516\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/ottoman-suzerainty\" title=\"17|Ottoman Suzerainty|EBSCO Research Starters|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1830\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Algeria\/Colonial-rule\" title=\"19|Algeria - Colonialism, Resistance, Revolution|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1881\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1912\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1951\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1956\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Habib-Bourguiba\" title=\"22|Habib Bourguiba | Tunisian Independence Leader and 1st President|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1962\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-Algeria\" title=\"21|History of Algeria|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u062a. 683\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 (\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Habib-Bourguiba\" title=\"22|Habib Bourguiba | Tunisian Independence Leader and 1st President|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/22\/palaeolithic-period-geol\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/a>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Maghreb\" title=\"1|Maghreb | History, Location, Languages, Map, and Facts|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a 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\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 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Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0629 (\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0648) \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 814 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Carthage-ancient-city-Tunisia\" title=\"3|Carthage | History, Location, and Facts|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0645\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/Carthaginian-supremacy\" title=\"4|North Africa - Carthage, Phoenicians, Mediterranean|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 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\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 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\u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/The-Vandal-conquest\" title=\"5|North Africa - Vandals, Conquest, History|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/the-roman-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 533\u0645\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Belisarius\" title=\"6|Belisarius | Biography, Military Campaigns, and Facts|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 642\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Uqbah-ibn-Nafi\" title=\"7|Uqbah ibn Nafi | Arab general|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0632\u062d\u0641\u0647 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062c\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0643.<br \/>\n<strong>\u2014 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 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\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/From-the-Arab-conquest-to-1830\" title=\"8|North Africa - Arab Conquest, Colonization, Decolonization|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/15\/majority-country\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 800 \u0648909\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 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\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1082\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Almoravids\" title=\"12|Rise and fall of the Almoravid dynasty|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062d \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/almoravid-empire\" title=\"13|Almoravid Empire | History|EBSCO Research Starters|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 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title=\"14|North Africa - Almoravids, Almohads, Maghrib|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629: <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/09\/hafsid-dynasty\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 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\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Marinid-dynasty\" title=\"15|Marinid dynasty | Morocco, Almohad, Maghreb|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/Political-fragmentation-and-the-triumph-of-Islamic-culture-c-1250-c-1500\" title=\"16|North Africa - Political Fragmentation, Islamic Culture, 1250-1500|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0623\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1516\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/Political-fragmentation-and-the-triumph-of-Islamic-culture-c-1250-c-1500\" title=\"16|North Africa - Political Fragmentation, Islamic Culture, 1250-1500|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1689\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/Political-fragmentation-and-the-triumph-of-Islamic-culture-c-1250-c-1500\" title=\"16|North Africa - Political Fragmentation, Islamic Culture, 1250-1500|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1574\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1705\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/Political-fragmentation-and-the-triumph-of-Islamic-culture-c-1250-c-1500\" title=\"16|North Africa - Political Fragmentation, Islamic Culture, 1250-1500|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 &#8220;\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/ottoman-suzerainty\" title=\"17|Ottoman Suzerainty|EBSCO Research Starters|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1830\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/military-history-and-science\/french-occupation-algeria\" title=\"20|French occupation of Algeria|EBSCO Research Starters|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1847\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Algeria\/Colonial-rule\" title=\"19|Algeria - Colonialism, Resistance, Revolution|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 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\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1859 \u06481894\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1912\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/North-Africa-after-1830\" title=\"18|North Africa - Colonization, Decolonization, Conflict|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0622\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1911\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/farewanl\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1956\u0645\u060c 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\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Habib-Bourguiba\" title=\"22|Habib Bourguiba | Tunisian Independence Leader and 1st President|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/North-Africa\/North-Africa-after-1830\" title=\"18|North Africa - Colonization, Decolonization, Conflict|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 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title=\"1|Maghreb | History, Location, Languages, Map, and Facts|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0633\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 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