{"id":2593,"date":"2026-08-16T15:06:42","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T15:06:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2593"},"modified":"2026-08-18T00:00:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T00:00:53","slug":"charles-de-gaulle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/charles-de-gaulle\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 (22 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1890 \u2013 9 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1970) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1940\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 1958\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. [1]<\/a><\/sup> [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1916\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 1940\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1959 \u06481969. [3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nCharles Andr\u00e9 Joseph Marie de Gaulle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n22 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1890<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n9 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1970<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a-\u0644\u064a\u0647-\u062f\u0648-\u0632\u064a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n1944\u20131946<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n1958\u20131959<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n1959\u20131969<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1940<\/td>\n\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f (G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de brigade)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 18 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648<\/td>\n18 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1940<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/td>\n\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1944<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n4 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1958<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1958 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n8 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1959<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n28 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1969<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n\u0646\u062d\u0648 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nVers l’Arm\u00e9e de m\u00e9tier<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/td>\nM\u00e9moires de guerre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644<\/td>\nM\u00e9moires d’espoir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a 22 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1890 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1908 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. [4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f 1940\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1940<\/h2>\n

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\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 18 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1940<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a 17 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1940 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 18 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u00bb. \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d 18 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a 635 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1946 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1969\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. [7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0634\u0644<\/a>\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0641\u0644\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0634\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0641\u0644\u062a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0641\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. [8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1943. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1944\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a 25 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1944 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f 1945.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 1946 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1946. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1947 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u00bb (RPF)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a-\u0644\u064a\u0647-\u062f\u0648-\u0632\u064a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0638\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621: L’Appel<\/em> \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1940\u20131942\u060c \u0648L’Unit\u00e9<\/em> \u0639\u0646 1942\u20131944\u060c \u0648Le Salut<\/em> \u0639\u0646 1944\u20131946. \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1954\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1956\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0629 1959. [9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1954\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 100 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639. [10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1958 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a 4 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1958\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1958 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 8 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1959. [11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1962 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0623\u064f\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1958 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/a> \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a 1961 \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1962\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/a>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a-\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1962. \u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1960\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u00bb. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1966\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0636\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1963 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a 1967\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n

\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0641\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. [12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n

\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1966 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00bb (Les Trente Glorieuses).<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1968<\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1968 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647. \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0646-\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 30 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1968 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 1969 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1969 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621. \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 28 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1969\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062d\u0644. \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a-\u0644\u064a\u0647-\u062f\u0648-\u0632\u064a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u00bb \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 9 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1970\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 22 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1890 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 9 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1970. [13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u061b \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. [14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u062f\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1958. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0644. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/h2>\n

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