{"id":2577,"date":"2026-06-05T10:45:15","date_gmt":"2026-06-05T07:15:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2577"},"modified":"2026-06-05T10:45:15","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T07:15:15","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b5%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a5%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b5%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<article dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"ar\" class=\"encyclopedia-article\">\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"introduction\">\n<p>\n    \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0626 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1492\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>55 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1492 \u06481600\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u062e\u064e\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/385303791_Forgetting_the_Native_American_Genocide_over_55_million_dead_Article_by_Raffaella_MilandriC\" title=\"1|Forgetting the Native American Genocide: over 55 million dead|Raffaella Milandri - ResearchGate|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u2014 <em>Manifest Destiny<\/em> \u2014 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a 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\u0648\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633)\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"infobox\">\n<table class=\"infobox-table\" border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;margin:1.5em 0;font-size:0.95em\">\n<caption style=\"font-weight:bold;font-size:1.1em;padding:0.5em;background:#8B1A1A;color:#fff\">\n      \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n    <\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right;width:35%\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">1492\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\n          \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 55 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 (1492\u20131600\u0645)<br \/>\n          <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/385303791_Forgetting_the_Native_American_Genocide_over_55_million_dead_Article_by_Raffaella_MilandriC\" title=\"1|Forgetting the Native American Genocide: over 55 million dead|Raffaella Milandri - ResearchGate|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u061b<br \/>\n          \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 90% \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/native-americans-genocide-united-states\" title=\"2|When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of Civilization|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n        <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0650\u0628\u0629<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/native-americans-genocide-united-states\" title=\"2|When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of Civilization|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0651\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\n          \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0643 (1864)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0646\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0649 (1890)\u060c<br \/>\n          \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0632 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u0631 (1870)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u0631 (1863)<br \/>\n          <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/native-americans-genocide-united-states\" title=\"2|When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of Civilization|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n        <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f 1830\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0632 1887\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 1879<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u062c\u062f\u0644: \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062f\u061b \u00ab\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background:#f2dede;padding:6px 10px;text-align:right\">\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:6px 10px\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 9.7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 (2020\u0645) \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2021\/aian.html\" title=\"3|American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month|U.S. Census Bureau|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"precolonial\">\n<h2>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u062c\u0651 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 500 \u0648600 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064c\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f 5 \u0625\u0644\u0649 7 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 15 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/native-americans-genocide-united-states\" title=\"2|When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of Civilization|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 40 \u064860 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0627) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0651\u0643\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"arrival-europeans\">\n<h2>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0651\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1492\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0646. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 60,000 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0648 (\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0643)\u061b \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0645<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allthatsinteresting.com\/native-american-genocide\" title=\"4|The Ugly History Of The Native American Genocide That You Didn&#039;t Learn In School|All That&#039;s Interesting|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 500 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 200 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/allthatsinteresting.com\/native-american-genocide\" title=\"4|The Ugly History Of The Native American Genocide That You Didn&#039;t Learn In School|All That&#039;s Interesting|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 <em>Quaternary Science Reviews<\/em> \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1492 \u06481600\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 90% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 55 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064e\u0628\u0629<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/385303791_Forgetting_the_Native_American_Genocide_over_55_million_dead_Article_by_Raffaella_MilandriC\" title=\"1|Forgetting the Native American Genocide: over 55 million dead|Raffaella Milandri - ResearchGate|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 238,000 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f 5 \u0625\u0644\u0649 15 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/native-americans-genocide-united-states\" title=\"2|When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of Civilization|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0630\u0643\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u063a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00bb. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u0634\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0648\u0651\u063a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"biological-warfare\">\n<h2>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u061b \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 50% \u064890% \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1763\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0643\u061b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wonderfulmuseums.com\/museum\/native-american-genocide-museum\/\" title=\"5|Native American Genocide Museum: Unveiling Truth, Fostering Healing|Wonderful Museums|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1846 \u06481873\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 150,000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 30,000 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 80%<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"6|California Genocide - Historical facts|California Secretary of State Records|2020\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 10,000 \u064827,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 4,000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 7,000 \u0637\u0641\u0644<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"6|California Genocide Statistics|California Secretary of State Records|2020\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0629\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"massacres\">\n<h2>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u0634\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>1,500 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/native-americans-genocide-united-states\" title=\"2|When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of Civilization|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.\n  <\/p>\n<h3>1. \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0643 (29 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1864\u0645)<\/h3>\n<p>\n    \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1864\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u2014 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u2014 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0634\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646) \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0636\u00bb (Black Kettle) \u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062e\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 150 \u0648200 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0646<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/native-americans-genocide-united-states\" title=\"2|When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of Civilization|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062b\u062b \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064d\u00bb\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0641\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f.\n  <\/p>\n<h3>2. \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0646\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0649 (29 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1890\u0645)<\/h3>\n<p>\n    \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0646\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1890\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0627 (\u0633\u064a\u0648) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 150 \u0648300 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Wounded-Knee-Massacre\" title=\"7|Wounded Knee Massacre|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 19 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Wounded-Knee-Massacre\" title=\"7|Wounded Knee Massacre|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u00ab\u0631\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d\u00bb (Ghost Dance)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639.\n  <\/p>\n<h3>3. \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062a\u0646 (8 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1782\u0645)<\/h3>\n<p>\n    \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062a\u0644 96 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/native-americans-genocide-united-states\" title=\"2|When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of Civilization|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<h3>4. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 (1846\u20131873\u0645)<\/h3>\n<p>\n    \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (1846\u20131848\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u00bb\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062b\u062b\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 9,000 \u064816,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"6|California Genocide - Benjamin Madley Research|An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe|Yale University Press|2016\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"trail-of-tears\">\n<h2>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1830\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u00bb (Indian Removal Act)\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u00bb \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0647<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.loc.gov\/indian-removal-act\" title=\"8|Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History|Library of Congress|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0637\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0623\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/trail-of-tears\" title=\"9|Trail of Tears|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627\u00bb (1832\u0645) \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631: \u00ab\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647!\u00bb. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0641\u0631\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Trail-of-Tears\" title=\"10|Trail of Tears|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1838 \u06481839\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 16,000 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1,600 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636. \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0621\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0646\u062d\u0648 4,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.loc.gov\/indian-removal-act\" title=\"8|Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History|Library of Congress|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0651\u0631\u0629\u00bb: \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 100,000 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 15,000 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Trail-of-Tears\" title=\"10|Trail of Tears|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 25% \u064835% \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0644<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/genocideeducation.org\/resources\/genocides\/genocide-of-the-native-americans\/\" title=\"11|Genocide of the Native Americans|The Genocide Education Project|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"cultural-genocide\">\n<h2>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1819\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u00bb<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eji.org\/news\/history-racial-injustice-cultural-genocide\/\" title=\"12|Cultural Genocide and Native American Children|Equal Justice Initiative|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0647\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1879\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0646\u064f\u0633\u062e \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 400 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eji.org\/news\/history-racial-injustice-cultural-genocide\/\" title=\"12|Cultural Genocide and Native American Children|Equal Justice Initiative|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629: \u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648-\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eji.org\/news\/history-racial-injustice-cultural-genocide\/\" title=\"12|Cultural Genocide and Native American Children|Equal Justice Initiative|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 20,000 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1925\u0645<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/boardingschoolhealing.org\/us-indian-boarding-school-history\/\" title=\"13|US Indian Boarding School History|National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>.<br \/>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0638 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1928\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0645\u00bb \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0638 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eji.org\/news\/history-racial-injustice-cultural-genocide\/\" title=\"12|Cultural Genocide and Native American Children|Equal Justice Initiative|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u0625\u062b\u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0642\u0651\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/native-america\/blog\/legacy-of-trauma-the-impact-of-american-indian-boarding-schools-across-generations\" title=\"14|Legacy of Trauma: The Impact of American Indian Boarding Schools Across Generations|PBS Native America|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"ideological-justifications\">\n<h2>\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062a\u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u00ab\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u00bb (Doctrine of Discovery) \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0634\u00bb (1823\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0647.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0651\u00bb (Manifest Destiny) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u062f \u2014 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0632\u00bb (Dawes Act) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1887\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u00ab\u0641\u0627\u0636\u00bb \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1934\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 90 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 138 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0646.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646: \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u2014 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061f\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"classification-debate\">\n<h2>\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b: \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u2014 \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1948\u0645 \u2014 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 <em>A Little Matter of Genocide<\/em> (1997\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hmh.org\/library\/research\/genocide-of-indigenous-peoples-guide\/\" title=\"15|Genocide of Indigenous Peoples Research Guide|Holocaust Museum Houston|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ============================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\n     ============================================================ --><\/p>\n<section id=\"legacy\">\n<h2>\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 9.7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f 2020\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a<br \/>\n    <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/facts-for-features\/2021\/aian.html\" title=\"3|American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month|U.S. Census Bureau|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u060c<br \/>\n    \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0651 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Historical Trauma)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064e\u062c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f (Civil Liberties Act) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0636\u0647\u0645. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 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\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 300 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 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\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b.\n  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 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