{"id":2546,"date":"2026-06-03T13:48:41","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T10:18:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2546"},"modified":"2026-06-03T20:53:02","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T17:23:02","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<article dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"ar\" style=\"font-family: 'Amiri', 'Times New Roman', serif;line-height:2;color:#1a1a1a;max-width:960px;margin:auto\">\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"muqaddima\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-0\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (<span lang=\"tr\">Osmanl\u0131 Devleti<\/span>) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064d\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0633\u0643\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1922 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\" title=\"1|Ottoman Empire|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644) \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/why-ottoman-empire-rose-fell\" title=\"2|Why the Ottoman Empire Rose and Fell|National Geographic|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/middle-east\/ottoman-empire\" title=\"3|Ottoman Empire WWI Decline and Definition|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064d \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u2014 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jo24.net\/life\/\u0645\u0646-\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0625\u0644\u0649-\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\" title=\"4|\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a|jo24|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644)\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"infobox\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-1\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;background:#fafafa;font-size:0.97em\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width:28%;background:#f3f3f3;font-weight:bold\">\n<col style=\"width:72%\">\n  <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 (<span lang=\"tr\">Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osm\u00e2niyye<\/span>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n      1299 \u2013 1922 \u0645 (623 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b)<br \/>\n      <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\" title=\"1|Ottoman Empire|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n      \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0637\u063a\u0631\u0644 (\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1299 \u0645)<br \/>\n      <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dalilacademy.net\/\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" title=\"5|\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627|\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n      \u0633\u0648\u063a\u0648\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644) \u0645\u0646\u0630 1453 \u0645<br \/>\n      <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/middle-east\/ottoman-empire\" title=\"3|Ottoman Empire|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n      \u0646\u062d\u0648 5.2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 16)\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<br \/>\n      <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/why-ottoman-empire-rose-fell\" title=\"2|Why the Ottoman Empire Rose and Fell|National Geographic|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n      \u0646\u062d\u0648 25\u201335 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631)<br \/>\n      <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurasiareview.com\/08122022-the-era-of-suleiman-the-magnificent\" title=\"6|The Era of Suleiman the Magnificent|Eurasia Review|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a (\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a) \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 (\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f 1876 \u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n      \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 (\u062e\u064f\u0644\u0639 1 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1922 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f)<br \/>\n      <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637_\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" title=\"7|\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n      3 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1924\u060c \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643<br \/>\n      <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkpress.co\/node\/20513\" title=\"8|\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0633|2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n      \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1517 \u0645) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632<br \/>\n      <sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" title=\"9|\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 (29 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1923)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"nasha\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-2\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-3\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0637\u063a\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064f\u0651\u062d\u064e\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0623\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u063a\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1230 \u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ida2at.com\/ottoman-empire-new-reading\/\" title=\"10|\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629|\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0637\u063a\u0631\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1258 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1281 \u0645. \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0628\u064c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dalilacademy.net\/\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" title=\"5|\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627|\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-4\">2. \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1299 \u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0637\u063a\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1299 \u0645\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064d \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0643)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\" title=\"1|Ottoman Empire|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1301 \u0645 \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u200c\u0623\u0648\u0646 (Bapheus)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1326 \u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0642) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1331 \u0645 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 (\u0625\u0632\u0645\u064a\u062a) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1337 \u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0647.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/middle-east\/ottoman-empire\" title=\"3|Ottoman Empire|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"tawassue\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-5\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 (1354\u20131453 \u0645)<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-6\">1. \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064d \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1354 \u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a (Gallipoli)\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064c \u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurasiareview.com\/08122022-the-era-of-suleiman-the-magnificent\" title=\"6|The Era of Suleiman the Magnificent|Eurasia Review|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1362\u20131389 \u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u061b \u0641\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629 (\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629) \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1369 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1389 \u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u064f\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\" title=\"1|Ottoman Empire|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-7\">2. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0642\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0644\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1402 \u0645\u060c \u0641\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064c \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u064c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631. \u0645\u0632\u0651\u0642 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0644\u0646\u0643 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href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" title=\"9|\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"qustantiniyya\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-8\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 1453 \u0645<\/h2>\n<div>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/93\/Conquest_of_Constantinople%2C_Zonaro.jpg\" alt=\"Conquest of Constantinople, Zonaro.jpg\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\"><figcaption>Conquest of Constantinople, Zonaro.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-9\">1. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1453 \u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 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\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064d\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/middle-east\/ottoman-empire\" title=\"3|Ottoman Empire|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062d\u0634\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\" title=\"1|Ottoman Empire|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1453 \u0645\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0642\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u064e\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062b\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/middle-east\/ottoman-empire\" title=\"3|Ottoman Empire|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-10\">2. \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u2014 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0644&#8221; \u062b\u0645 &#8220;\u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u064d \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d. \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064d \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/why-ottoman-empire-rose-fell\" title=\"2|Why the Ottoman Empire Rose and Fell|National Geographic|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"salim\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-11\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2014 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 (1512\u20131520 \u0645)<\/h2>\n<div>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1d\/Yavuz_Sultan_I._Selim_Han.jpg\" alt=\"Yavuz Sultan I. Selim Han.jpg\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\"><figcaption>Yavuz Sultan I. Selim Han.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645) \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064d \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" title=\"9|\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1514 \u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" title=\"9|\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u062d \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0628\u0642 (\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1516 \u0645) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0636\u0650 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064d \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1517 \u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" title=\"9|\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"sulaiman\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-12\">\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u2014 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a (1520\u20131566 \u0645)<\/h2>\n<div>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4c\/Suleiman_the_Magnificent_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg\" alt=\"Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire.jpg\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\"><figcaption>Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-13\">1. \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u064a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645&#8221; (the Magnificent) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b (1520\u20131566 \u0645) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u064d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.st-aug.edu\/exp\/king-suleiman-the-magnificent\" title=\"11|Suleiman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Empire at Its Peak|Saint Augustine University|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1521 \u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1522 \u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 (\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1526 \u0645)\u060c \u062d\u0637\u0651\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u064f\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0637\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1529 \u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0639\u0628\u064e \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brain-byts.com\/post\/suleiman-the-magnificent-the-golden-age-of-the-ottoman-empire\" title=\"12|Suleiman the Magnificent The Golden Age|Brain Byts|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0641\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1538 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurasiareview.com\/08122022-the-era-of-suleiman-the-magnificent\" title=\"6|The Era of Suleiman the Magnificent|Eurasia Review|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-14\">2. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u2014 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a&#8221;<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0650 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647&#8221; (Kanunname)\u061b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u064d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a&#8221;.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/explore.st-aug.edu\/exp\/king-suleiman-the-magnificent\" title=\"11|Suleiman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Empire at Its Peak|Saint Augustine University|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-15\">3. \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064f\u0651 \u0635\u0646\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 (Mimar Sinan) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f\u064e \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 1550 \u06481557 \u0645 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/why-ottoman-empire-rose-fell\" title=\"2|Why the Ottoman Empire Rose and Fell|National Geographic|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"idara\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-16\">\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-17\">1. \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0631\u0645\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621)<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064f &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0631\u0645\u0647&#8221; (<span lang=\"tr\">Dev\u015firme<\/span>) \u0623\u064a &#8220;\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221;\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u064f\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u064d\u0651 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/364951124_The_Devshireme_System_in_the_Ottoman_Empire\" title=\"13|The Devshireme System in the Ottoman Empire|ResearchGate - Hanxu Qi|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645) \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.albert.io\/blog\/ap-world-history-empires-administration-1450-1750\/\" title=\"14|AP World History Empires Administration|Albert.io|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-18\">2. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<div>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c3\/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg\" alt=\"Battle of Vienna.SultanMurads with janissaries.jpg\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\"><figcaption>Battle of Vienna.SultanMurads with janissaries.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629\u064f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0631\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (<span lang=\"tr\">Yeni\u00e7eri<\/span> \u0623\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f&#8221;)\u061b \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0642\u064c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629\u064d \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0631\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/teachmideast.org\/ottoman-history-with-resources\/\" title=\"15|Ottoman History with Resources|TeachMideast|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0644\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1826 \u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064d \u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/middle-east\/ottoman-empire\" title=\"3|Ottoman Empire|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-19\">3. \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0644 \u2014 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u061f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0644&#8221; (<span lang=\"tr\">Millet<\/span>)\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064c \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629\u064d \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0645\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.albert.io\/blog\/ap-world-history-empires-administration-1450-1750\/\" title=\"14|AP World History Empires Administration|Albert.io|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (1492 \u0645) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0651\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/factsanddetails.com\/asian\/cat65\/sub424\/entry-5877.html\" title=\"16|Ottoman Empire Minorities the Millet System|Facts and Details|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-20\">4. \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631&#8221; (<span lang=\"tr\">T\u0131mar<\/span>) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d (1498 \u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crawdaddy.substack.com\/p\/the-ottoman-apogee\" title=\"17|The Ottoman Apogee|Crawdaddy Substack|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"taraju\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-21\">\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631)<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-22\">1. \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/why-ottoman-empire-rose-fell\" title=\"2|Why the Ottoman Empire Rose and Fell|National Geographic|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1683 \u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u2014 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/middle-east\/ottoman-empire\" title=\"3|Ottoman Empire|History.com|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-23\">2. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062a\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1699 \u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1783 \u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 (1774 \u0645) \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u064a (1792 \u0645)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\" title=\"1|Ottoman Empire|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"tanzimaat\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-24\">\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b: \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d (1839\u20131876 \u0645)<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629\u064e &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a&#8221; (Tanzimat) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1839 \u0645\u061b \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629\u064c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\" title=\"1|Ottoman Empire|Encyclopaedia Britannica|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064d \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1878 \u0645 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youm7.com\/story\/2020\/10\/29\/\u0643\u064a\u0641-\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637-\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649-\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\/5042915\" title=\"18|\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639: \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"turkya\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-25\">\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 (1908\u20131922 \u0645)<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-26\">1. \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 1908 \u0645<\/h3>\n<div>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png\" alt=\"Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\"><figcaption>Ottoman-Empire-Public-Demo.png \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/06\/Les_liberateurs_de_la_patrie.jpg\" alt=\"Les liberateurs de la patrie.jpg\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\"><figcaption>Les liberateurs de la patrie.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1908 \u0645\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064c \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1876 \u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1909 \u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637_\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" title=\"7|\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-27\">2. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1914 \u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 (\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629\u064c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.shafaqna.com\/AR\/347577\/\" title=\"19|99 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0634\u0641\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0644 (\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a 1915 \u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 (1916 \u0645) \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645\u064d \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0637\u0639\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1918 \u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062d\u0641\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/why-ottoman-empire-rose-fell\" title=\"2|Why the Ottoman Empire Rose and Fell|National Geographic|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-28\">3. \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<div>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/09\/Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire_vol_6_%281897%29.djvu\" alt=\"Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 6 (1897).djvu\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\"><figcaption>Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 6 (1897).djvu \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1922 \u0645\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u2014 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0629\u064d \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u064c \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064d \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1924 \u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkpress.co\/node\/20513\" title=\"8|\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0633|2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924 \u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1926 \u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1931 \u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u064c\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064d \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.shafaqna.com\/AR\/347577\/\" title=\"19|99 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629|\u0634\u0641\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"irth\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-29\">\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-30\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f\u064e \u0634\u0627\u0647\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064d \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0642\u0631\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064d \u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0622\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u064e \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jo24.net\/life\/\u0645\u0646-\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0625\u0644\u0649-\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\" title=\"4|\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629|jo24|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-31\">2. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0633-\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648 (1916 \u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u064f\u0631\u0626\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u2014 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jo24.net\/life\/\u0645\u0646-\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0625\u0644\u0649-\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\" title=\"4|\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629|jo24|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-32\">3. \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u062f\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629.<br \/>\n<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jo24.net\/life\/\u0645\u0646-\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629-\u0625\u0644\u0649-\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\" title=\"4|\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629|jo24|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- ======================================================\n     \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629\n     ====================================================== --><\/p>\n<section id=\"khatima\">\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-33\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064e\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u061b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645. \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0629 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