{"id":2527,"date":"2026-06-02T22:51:25","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T19:21:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=2527"},"modified":"2026-06-03T04:58:45","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T01:28:45","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n~\u0663\u0660\u0660\u0660 \u0642.\u0645 \u2013 \u0666\u0665\u0661 \u0645 [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 [3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/td>\n\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a) [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645<\/td>\n\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u2013 \u0637\u064a\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u2013 \u0625\u0635\u0637\u062e\u0631 [3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0664\u0664\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 (~\u0664\u0667\u0665 \u0642.\u0645) [4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a) [3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 [3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0663\u0663\u0660 \u0642.\u0645 (\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a) [1]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/td>\n\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062e\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n\u0628\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 (\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0669) [6]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u2013 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634) [2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n

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\n\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u064f \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0665\u0665\u0660 \u0642.\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b. [2]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. [2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b. [2]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. [7]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0661. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642. \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u00bb (Parsa \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629. [8]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648-\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f. [9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 (\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a. [10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627: \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. [9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0662. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0665\u0665\u0669 \u2013 \u0663\u0663\u0660 \u0642.\u0645)<\/h2>\n

\n\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u00ab\u0623\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0634\u00bb (Achaemenes). [1]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646.\n<\/p>\n

\u0623. \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0665\u0665\u0669 \u2013 \u0665\u0663\u0660 \u0642.\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0665\u0665\u0660 \u0642.\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0665\u0664\u0667 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0665\u0663\u0669 \u0642.\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. [9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0627\u0634\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634<\/strong> (Cyrus Cylinder) \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0665\u0663\u0669 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645. [2]<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0665\u0663\u0660 \u0642.\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a.\n<\/p>\n

\u0628. \u0642\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0665\u0663\u0660 \u2013 \u0665\u0662\u0662 \u0642.\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\n\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0642\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0665\u0662\u0665 \u0642.\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646) \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u062a. [7]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0665\u0662\u0662 \u0642.\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631.\n<\/p>\n

\u062c. \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631) (\u0665\u0662\u0662 \u2013 \u0664\u0668\u0666 \u0642.\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629: [2]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n