{"id":1950,"date":"2026-08-14T06:37:19","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T06:37:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=1950"},"modified":"2026-08-25T14:54:57","modified_gmt":"2026-08-25T14:54:57","slug":"history-of-islam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/14\/history-of-islam\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure><img fetchpriority=\"high\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/86\/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=original\" alt=\"\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629.jpg\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\"><figcaption>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629.jpg \u2014 CC BY-SA 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad\" title=\"1|Muhammad - Biography, History, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><br \/>\n<\/sup>&nbsp;\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1400 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n  <a href=\"#\" title=\"2|\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u062a 630\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1407\u0647\u0640\/1987\u0645|1987\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 1.9 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2012\/12\/18\/global-religious-landscape-exec\/\" title=\"3|The Global Religious Landscape|Pew Research Center|2012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u0646\u062d\u0648 570 \u2013 632\u0645)<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad\" title=\"1|Muhammad - Biography, History, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><br \/>\n                  <\/sup>\n                  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 610\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad\" title=\"1|Muhammad - Biography, History, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><br \/>\n                        <\/sup>\n                        <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">622\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062b\u0631\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629)<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Hijrah-Islam\" title=\"4|Hijrah - Islam, Muhammad, Mecca, Medina|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><br \/>\n                            <\/sup>\n                            <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">639\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/anno-Hegirae\" title=\"5|Anno Hegirae|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><br \/>\n                                <\/sup>\n                                <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">610 \u2013 632\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">632 \u2013 661\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">661 \u2013 750\u0645 (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">750 \u2013 1258\u0645 (\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 9 \u2013 13\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">1299 \u2013 1924\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f (<a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/19\/the-dark-ages\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a<\/a>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-sec\">\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 1.9 \u2013 2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2012\/12\/18\/global-religious-landscape-exec\/\" title=\"3|The Global Religious Landscape|Pew Research Center|2012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                            <\/sup>\n                                                            <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 24 \u2013 25%<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2012\/12\/18\/global-religious-landscape-exec\/\" title=\"3|The Global Religious Landscape|Pew Research Center|2012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                <\/sup>\n                                                                <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ib-row\">\n<td class=\"ib-label\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td class=\"ib-val\">\u0646\u062d\u0648 49 \u2013 50 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"ib-foot\">COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-0\">\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n<div>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b2\/Nabataean_betyl_1.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=original\" alt=\"Nabataean betyl 1.JPG\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\" class=\"cosm-lazy-img\"><figcaption>Nabataean betyl 1.JPG \u2014 CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/20\/PreIslamic_Arabia-ar.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=original\" alt=\"PreIslamic Arabia-ar.png\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\" class=\"cosm-lazy-img\"><figcaption>PreIslamic Arabia-ar.png \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<figure style=\"margin:1em 0;text-align:center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/28\/Nabataean_fresco_02.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=original\" alt=\"Nabataean fresco 02.jpg\" style=\"max-width:100%;border-radius:6px\" class=\"cosm-lazy-img\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#888;margin-top:4px\"><\/figcaption><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#888;margin-top:4px\">Nabataean fresco 02.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#888;margin-top:4px\">\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6a\/Qasr_al-Bint%2C_two_well-preserved%2C_medium-sized_tombs_%28Tombs_21-22%29%2C_Hegra_%28Mada%27in_Salih%29%2C_the_kingdom%27s_second_Nabatean_capital_after_Petra%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=original\" alt=\"Qasr al-Bint, two well-preserved, medium-sized tombs (Tombs 21-22), Hegra (Mada&apos;in Salih), the kingdom&apos;s second Nabatean capital after Petra, Saudi Arabia.jpg\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\" class=\"cosm-lazy-img\"><figcaption>Qasr al-Bint, two well-preserved, medium-sized tombs (Tombs 21-22), Hegra (Mada&#8217;in Salih), the kingdom&#8217;s second Nabatean capital after Petra, Saudi Arabia.jpg \u2014 CC BY-SA 2.0<\/figcaption><figcaption>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/38\/Funerary_relief_of_Habe%2C_daughter_of_physician_Male%2C_Palmyra%2C_Syria.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=original\" alt=\"Funerary relief of Habe, daughter of physician Male, Palmyra, Syria.jpg\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\" class=\"cosm-lazy-img\"><figcaption>Funerary relief of Habe, daughter of physician Male, Palmyra, Syria.jpg \u2014 CC BY-SA 4.0<\/figcaption><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/jahiliyah\" title=\"6|Jahiliyyah - History, Characteristics, Poetry, &amp; Life|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[6]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                    <\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u064a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecollector.com\/arabia-before-islam-jahiliya\/\" title=\"7|The Age of Jahiliya: What Did Arabia Look Like Before Islam?|TheCollector|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645<sup class=\"ref\">&nbsp;.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Arabian-religion\" title=\"8|Arabian religion - History, Pre-Islamic Beliefs, &amp; Polytheism|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[8]<\/a><br \/>\n<\/sup>&nbsp;\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627.&nbsp;<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"#\" title=\"9|\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a (\u062a 774\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1417-1420\u0647\u0640\/1997\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 2|1997\">[9]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/sup>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/humanjourney.us\/ideas\/muhammad-origins-of-islam\/jahiliyyah-the-time-of-ignorance\/\" title=\"10|Jahiliyyah: The Time of Ignorance|The Human Journey|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[10]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-1\">\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a<\/h2>\n<div>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/61\/Birth_of_Muhammad_from_folio_44a_of_the_Jami%E2%80%98_al-tawarikh.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=imageinfo&amp;utm_content=original\" alt=\"Birth of Muhammad from folio 44a of the Jami\u2018 al-tawarikh.jpg\" style=\"border-radius: 6px\" class=\"cosm-lazy-img\"><figcaption>Birth of Muhammad from folio 44a of the Jami\u2018 al-tawarikh.jpg \u2014 Public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 570\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0641\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0641\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad\" title=\"1|Muhammad - Biography, History, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><br \/>\n<\/sup>&nbsp;\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0648\u064a\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Muhammad\" title=\"11|Muhammad and the establishment of Islam|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 610\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad\" title=\"1|Muhammad - Biography, History, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 613\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Muhammad\" title=\"11|Muhammad and the establishment of Islam|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/sup>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyskills.com\/classroom\/ancient-history\/rise-of-islam-reading\/\" title=\"12|From Mecca to Medina: The life of Muhammad and the birth of Islam|History Skills|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-2\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyskills.com\/classroom\/ancient-history\/rise-of-islam-reading\/\" title=\"12|From Mecca to Medina: The life of Muhammad and the birth of Islam|History Skills|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/sup>\u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629 (\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0637\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Hijrah-Islam\" title=\"4|Hijrah - Islam, Muhammad, Mecca, Medina|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a>.<\/sup>&nbsp;\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad\/Biography-according-to-the-Islamic-tradition\" title=\"13|Muhammad - Prophet, Islam, Arabia|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a>.<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 619\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/20\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u062e\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad\/Biography-according-to-the-Islamic-tradition\" title=\"13|Muhammad - Prophet, Islam, Arabia|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                              <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064f\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0631\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad\/Biography-according-to-the-Islamic-tradition\" title=\"13|Muhammad - Prophet, Islam, Arabia|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[13]<\/a>.<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-3\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 622\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062b\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Hijrah-Islam\" title=\"4|Hijrah - Islam, Muhammad, Mecca, Medina|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[4]<\/a><br \/>\n<\/sup>&nbsp;\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062b\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062b\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/tc3-boundless-worldhistory\/chapter\/muhammad-and-the-rise-of-islam\/\" title=\"14|Muhammad and the Rise of Islam|Boundless World History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[14]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-4\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634: \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 (624\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Battle-of-Badr\" title=\"15|Battle of Badr - History, Significance, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[15]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0623\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 625\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/al-islam.org\/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi\/battles\" title=\"16|Battles - The Life of Muhammad The Prophet|Al-Islam.org|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[16]<\/a><br \/>\n<\/sup>&nbsp;\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a 627\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                    <a href=\"http:\/\/www.alsadiqin.org\/en\/index.php\/The_Battle_of_Badr,_&amp;apos;Uhud_and_Khandaq;_the_Expulsion_of_the_Priestly_Tribes\" title=\"17|The Battle of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq|Alsadiqin Institute|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[17]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-5\">\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 628\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/18\/treaty-of-hudaybiyyah\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\">\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyskills.com\/classroom\/ancient-history\/rise-of-islam-reading\/\" title=\"12|From Mecca to Medina: The life of Muhammad and the birth of Islam|History Skills|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[12]<\/a><br \/>\n<\/sup>&nbsp;\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 630\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Muhammad\" title=\"11|Muhammad and the establishment of Islam|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[11]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/sup>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Muhammad\" title=\"1|Muhammad and the establishment of Islam|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-6\">\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 632\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Muhammad\" title=\"1|Muhammad - Biography, History, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/sup>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 632\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                        <a href=\"#\" title=\"18|\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621|\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a (\u062a 748\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0624\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c 1405\u0647\u0640\/1985\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 1|1985\">[18]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-7\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629 (632 \u2013 661\u0645)<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0646\u00bb.<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Rashidun\" title=\"19|Rashidun - History, Caliphs, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><br \/>\n<\/sup>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u00ab\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Rashidun\" title=\"19|Rashidun - History, Caliphs, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[19]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Rashidun_Caliphate\/\" title=\"20|Rashidun Caliphate|World History Encyclopedia|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u062b<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642<\/td>\n<td>632\u0645<\/td>\n<td>634\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/wars-of-apostasy\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0629\">\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<\/td>\n<td>634\u0645<\/td>\n<td>644\u0645<\/td>\n<td>10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td>644\u0645<\/td>\n<td>656\u0645<\/td>\n<td>12 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td>656\u0645<\/td>\n<td>661\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u062d\u0648 5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-8\">\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642: \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0642\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Abu-Bakr\" title=\"21|Abu Bakr - Biography &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640\u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/wars-of-apostasy\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0629\">\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/a>\u00bb\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Rashidun_Caliphate\/\" title=\"20|Rashidun Caliphate|World History Encyclopedia|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/uen.pressbooks.pub\/worldhistory1\/chapter\/the-rashidun-caliphs\/\" title=\"22|The Rashidun Caliphs|World History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Abu-Bakr\" title=\"21|Abu Bakr - Biography &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[21]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                          <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-9\">\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 634\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u00ab\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Rashidun_Caliphate\/\" title=\"20|Rashidun Caliphate|World History Encyclopedia|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[20]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 636\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/byzantine-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Battle-of-Yarmouk-636\" title=\"23|Battle of Yarmouk (636)|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[23]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/sasanian-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_al-Qadisiyyah\" title=\"24|Battle of al-Qadisiyyah|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[24]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                            <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643<\/td>\n<td>636\u0645<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/byzantine-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>636\u0645<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/sasanian-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/td>\n<td>637\u0645<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/byzantine-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/td>\n<td>639 \u2013 641\u0645<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/byzantine-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 (\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633)<\/td>\n<td>637\u0645<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/sasanian-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 639\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/anno-Hegirae\" title=\"5|Anno Hegirae|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[5]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                              <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0632\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/uen.pressbooks.pub\/worldhistory1\/chapter\/the-rashidun-caliphs\/\" title=\"22|The Rashidun Caliphs|World History|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[22]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                              <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-10\">\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646: \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Uthman-ibn-Affan\" title=\"25|Uthman ibn Affan - Biography, Achievements, &amp; Assassination|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[25]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyofinformation.com\/detail.php?entryid=1966\" title=\"26|Caliph Uthman ibn Affan Causes Codification of the Qur&amp;apos;an|History of Information|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[26]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Uthman\/\" title=\"27|Uthman|World History Encyclopedia|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[27]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 656\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assassination_of_Uthman\" title=\"28|Assassination of Uthman|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[28]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-11\">\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/worldhistoryedu.com\/ali-the-4th-caliph-of-the-rashidun-caliphate\/\" title=\"29|Ali: The 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate|World History Edu|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[29]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 656\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/worldhistoryedu.com\/ali-the-4th-caliph-of-the-rashidun-caliphate\/\" title=\"29|Ali: The 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate|World History Edu|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[29]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062a\u064e\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 657\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Battle-of-Siffin\" title=\"30|Battle of Siffin - Caliphate Civil War, Muawiyah I, Ali ibn Abi Talib|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[30]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/kharijites\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0632\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 658\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Nahrawan\" title=\"31|Battle of Nahrawan|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[31]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 661\u0645\u060c \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/kharijites\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c<\/a>\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Battle-of-Siffin\" title=\"30|Battle of Siffin - Caliphate Civil War, Muawiyah I, Ali ibn Abi Talib|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[30]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061b \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"#\" title=\"32|\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643)|\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a (\u062a 310\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0640 4-5|1970\">[32]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-12\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 (661 \u2013 750\u0645)<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0645 661\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Umayyad-dynasty-Islamic-history\" title=\"33|Umayyad dynasty - Achievements, Capital, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[33]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a (661-684\u0645) \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a (684-750\u0645) \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Umayyad-dynasty-Islamic-history\" title=\"33|Umayyad dynasty - Achievements, Capital, &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[33]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Umayyad-dynasty-Islamic-history\" title=\"34|Umayyad dynasty summary|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[34]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u062b<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td>661\u0645<\/td>\n<td>680\u0645<\/td>\n<td>19 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>680\u0645<\/td>\n<td>683\u0645<\/td>\n<td>3 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>683\u0645<\/td>\n<td>684\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n<td>684\u0645<\/td>\n<td>685\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td>685\u0645<\/td>\n<td>705\u0645<\/td>\n<td>20 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/td>\n<td>705\u0645<\/td>\n<td>715\u0645<\/td>\n<td>10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632<\/td>\n<td>717\u0645<\/td>\n<td>720\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/td>\n<td>724\u0645<\/td>\n<td>743\u0645<\/td>\n<td>19 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>744\u0645<\/td>\n<td>750\u0645<\/td>\n<td>6 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-13\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/al-Husayn-ibn-Ali-Muslim-leader-and-martyr\" title=\"35|Husayn ibn Ali - Biography, Death, &amp; Significance|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[35]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 680\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Battle-of-Karbala\" title=\"36|Battle of Karbala|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[36]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>. \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/article\/1645\/battle-of-karbala\/\" title=\"37|Battle of Karbala|World History Encyclopedia|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[37]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-14\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Key-People-of-the-Umayyad-Dynasty\" title=\"38|Umayyad Dynasty - Key People|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[38]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u064f\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Key-People-of-the-Umayyad-Dynasty\" title=\"38|Umayyad Dynasty - Key People|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[38]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 (705-715\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064f\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647) \u0639\u0627\u0645 711\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Tariq-ibn-Ziyad\" title=\"39|Tariq ibn Ziyad - Umayyad commander, Iberian conquest|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[39]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f (\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Key-People-of-the-Umayyad-Dynasty\" title=\"38|Umayyad Dynasty - Key People|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[38]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 (\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>711 \u2013 718\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f<\/td>\n<td>711 \u2013 713\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<td>705 \u2013 715\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>717 \u2013 718\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 (\u062a\u0648\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>732\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-15\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 (717-720\u0645) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0638\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"#\" title=\"40|\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a (\u062a 774\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1417-1420\u0647\u0640\/1997\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 9|1997\">[40]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0630\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.islamicity.org\/106673\/the-abbasid-revolution-750ce-754ce-abbasid-caliphate-01\/\" title=\"41|The Abbasid Revolution|IslamiCity|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[41]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 (724-743\u0645) \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u00bb<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/themuslimpost.org\/features-perspectives\/abbasid-revolution-747-750-causes-timeline-battle-zab-aftermath\" title=\"42|Abbasid Revolution, 747-750|Features &amp; Perspectives|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[42]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 747\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 750\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Battle-of-the-Great-Zab-River\" title=\"43|Battle of the Great Zab River|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[43]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 756\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Battle-of-the-Great-Zab-River\" title=\"43|Battle of the Great Zab River|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[43]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u061b \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"#\" title=\"44|\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u062a 630\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1407\u0647\u0640\/1987\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 5|1987\">[44]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-16\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (750 \u2013 1258\u0645)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/14\/abbasid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0645 750\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/historysphere.com\/abbasid-caliphate-established-kufa-baghdad-iraq-750-762\/\" title=\"45|Abbasid Caliphate Established|HistorySphere|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[45]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062e\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 754\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/al-Mansur-Abbasid-caliph\" title=\"46|Al-Mansur - Abbasid Caliph &amp; Founder of Baghdad|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[46]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 762\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Baghdad\/History\" title=\"47|Baghdad - Abbasid, Caliphate, Iraq|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[47]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u062b<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062d<\/td>\n<td>750\u0645<\/td>\n<td>754\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/14\/abbasid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<td>754\u0645<\/td>\n<td>775\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td>786\u0645<\/td>\n<td>809\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>813\u0645<\/td>\n<td>833\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/01\/baitul-hikma\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\">\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td>847\u0645<\/td>\n<td>861\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/td>\n<td>991\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1031\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/td>\n<td>1180\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1225\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/td>\n<td>1242\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1258\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-17\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a: \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/14\/abbasid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f (786-809\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 (813-833\u0645)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u00ab\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Baghdad\/History\" title=\"47|Baghdad - Abbasid, Caliphate, Iraq|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[47]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/01\/baitul-hikma\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\">\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/a>\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Bayt-al-Hikmah\" title=\"48|Bayt al-Hikmah - House of Wisdom|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[48]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/20\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/a><sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/al-Khwarizmi\" title=\"49|Al-Khwarizmi - Biography &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[49]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/th>\n<th>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u00bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-18\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/14\/abbasid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u00bb \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 803\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"#\" title=\"50|\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a (\u062a 774\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1417-1420\u0647\u0640\/1997\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 10|1997\">[50]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0635\u0645 (833-842\u0645) \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Iraq\/The-Abbasid-Caliphate\" title=\"51|Iraq - Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad, Mesopotamia|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[51]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-19\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Iraq\/The-Abbasid-Caliphate\" title=\"51|Iraq - Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad, Mesopotamia|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[51]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 945\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u00ab\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00bb<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/islamichistory.info\/2026\/04\/11\/1258-the-fall-of-baghdad\/\" title=\"52|The Fall of Baghdad 1258|Islamic History|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[52]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/islamichistory.info\/2026\/04\/11\/1258-the-fall-of-baghdad\/\" title=\"52|The Fall of Baghdad 1258|Islamic History|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[52]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-20\">\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1258\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1257\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Baghdad_(1258)\" title=\"53|Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Simple English Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[53]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0650\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1258\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vaia.com\/en-us\/explanations\/history\/modern-world-history\/siege-of-baghdad\/\" title=\"54|Siege of Baghdad: Significance and Effects|Vaia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[54]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/01\/baitul-hikma\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\">\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/a> \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0633\u0641\u0643 \u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.warhistoryonline.com\/medieval\/the-sack-of-baghdad-in-1258.html\" title=\"55|The Sack Of Baghdad In 1258|War History Online|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[55]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0650 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u062d\u062a\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/22\/the-ottoman-conquest-of-2\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0645 1517\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"#\" title=\"56|\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u062a 630\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1407\u0647\u0640\/1987\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 10|1987\">[56]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/14\/abbasid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u063a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"#\" title=\"57|\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621|\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a (\u062a 748\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0624\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c 1405\u0647\u0640\/1985\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 10|1985\">[57]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-21\">\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 8 \u2013 13\u0645)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"#\" title=\"58|\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u062a 630\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1407\u0647\u0640\/1987\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 7|1987\">[58]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\/\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>756 \u2013 1031\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/15\/fatimid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<td>909 \u2013 1171\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/seljuq-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<td>1037 \u2013 1194\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/15\/ayyubid-dynasty\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<td>1171 \u2013 1250\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-22\">\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/umayyad-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 750\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 756\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Caliphate-of-Cordoba\" title=\"59|Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[59]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0638\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u00ab\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 929\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Abd-al-Rahman-III\" title=\"60|Abd al-Rahman III|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[60]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (961-976\u0645) \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 400 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 27 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Caliphate-of-Cordoba\" title=\"59|Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[59]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1031\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/caliphate-cordoba\" title=\"61|Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba|EBSCO|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[61]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-23\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/15\/fatimid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0645 909\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Fatimid-dynasty\" title=\"62|Fatimid dynasty|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[62]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 969\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/15\/fatimid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/riwaya.co.uk\/riwaya-blog\/brief-history-of-fatimid-caliphate\" title=\"63|A Brief History of the Fatimid Caliphate|Riwaya|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[63]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/15\/fatimid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Egypt\/The-Fatimid-dynasty-969-1171\" title=\"64|Egypt - Fatimid, Cairo, Nile|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[64]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/15\/fatimid-caliphate\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1171\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatimid_Caliphate\" title=\"65|Fatimid Caliphate|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[65]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-24\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/seljuq-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u063a\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1055\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Seljuq\" title=\"66|Seljuq - History and Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[66]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/seljuq-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/byzantine-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1071\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Seljuq\" title=\"66|Seljuq - History and Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[66]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/seljuq-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0628\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/biography\/nizam-al-mulk\" title=\"67|Nizam al-Mulk|EBSCO|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[67]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-25\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/15\/ayyubid-dynasty\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0645 1171\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Saladin\" title=\"68|Saladin|New World Encyclopedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[68]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1187\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0637\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0628\u0627\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u063a\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Battle-of-Hattin\" title=\"69|Battle of Hattin|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[69]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1187\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0644\u062d \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Saladin\" title=\"70|Saladin|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[70]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627-\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"#\" title=\"71|\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621|\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a (\u062a 748\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0624\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c 1405\u0647\u0640\/1985\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 15|1985\">[71]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-26\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1299 \u2013 1924\u0645)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0637\u063a\u0631\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1299\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/seljuq-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\" title=\"72|Ottoman Empire - Facts, History, and Map|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[72]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0644\u0646\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1402\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire\" title=\"73|History of the Ottoman Empire|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[73]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u062b<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td>1299\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1326\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td>1326\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1362\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td>1362\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1389\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d)<\/td>\n<td>1451\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1481\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1453\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td>1512\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1520\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1520\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1566\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1876\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1909\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646)<\/td>\n<td>1918\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1922\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>1922\u0645<\/td>\n<td>1924\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-27\">\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1453\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/27\/byzantine-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453\" title=\"74|Fall of Constantinople|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[74]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1453\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Ottoman-Empire\/Mehmed-II\" title=\"75|Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II, Expansion, Legacy|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[75]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/19\/the-fall-of-constantinople\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\">\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Siege-of-Constantinople1453\" title=\"76|Siege of Constantinople 1453|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[76]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-28\">\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1517\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u00ab\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0630\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/muslimandquran.com\/islamic-events\/event-detail\/2600\/the-ottoman-caliphate-was-abolished-by-mustafa-kemal-atat-rk\" title=\"77|The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished by Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk|Muslim and Quran|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[77]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a (1520-1566\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1526\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1529\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Ottoman-Empire\" title=\"78|The rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[78]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-29\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0634\u0631\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629) \u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cliffsnotes.com\/study-notes\/19100369\" title=\"79|Exploring the Ottoman Empire|CliffsNotes|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[79]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0634\u0631\u0645\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/mehmed-conqueror\" title=\"80|Mehmed the Conqueror|EBSCO|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[80]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-30\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/5pillarsuk.com\/2025\/03\/03\/great-disasters-in-islamic-history-the-abolition-of-the-khilafah\/\" title=\"81|The abolition of the Khilafah|5Pillars|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[81]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/world-war-one\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1914\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1918\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate\" title=\"82|Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate|Wikipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[82]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/02\/turkish-war-of-independence\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\">\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/mustafa-kemal-atatrk\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\">\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643<\/a> \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1922\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Abdulmecid-II\" title=\"83|Abd\u00fclmecid II|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[83]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 632\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Kemal-Ataturk\/The-Turkish-republic\" title=\"84|Kemal Atat\u00fcrk - Turkish Republic, Modernization, Reforms|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[84]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u061b \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627-\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a: \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"#\" title=\"85|\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u062a 630\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1407\u0647\u0640\/1987\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 11|1987\">[85]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-31\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/world-war-one\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1916\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0633-\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Sykes-Picot-Agreement\" title=\"86|Sykes-Picot Agreement|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[86]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0641\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Sykes-Picot-Agreement\" title=\"86|Sykes-Picot Agreement|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[86]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-32\">\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/30\/european-colonization\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/a> \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Western-colonialism\/Decolonization-from-1945\" title=\"87|Western colonialism - Decolonization, 1945, Independence|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[87]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1956\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Western-colonialism\/Decolonization-from-1945\" title=\"87|Western colonialism - Decolonization, 1945, Independence|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[87]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1932\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1943 \u2013 1946\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1946\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/07\/25\/the-british-empire\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f)<\/td>\n<td>1947\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1945 \u2013 1949\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0635\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1956\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>1956\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/td>\n<td>1962\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/09\/league-of-arab-states-2\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/history\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/independence-and-decolonization-middle-east\" title=\"88|Independence and Decolonization, Middle East|Encyclopedia.com|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[88]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1969\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 57 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"#\" title=\"89|\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u062a 630\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1407\u0647\u0640\/1987\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 11|1987\">[89]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-33\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2012\/12\/18\/global-religious-landscape-exec\/\" title=\"3|The Global Religious Landscape|Pew Research Center|2012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0634<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2012\/12\/18\/global-religious-landscape-exec\/\" title=\"3|The Global Religious Landscape|Pew Research Center|2012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"#\" title=\"90|\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621|\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a (\u062a 748\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0624\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c 1405\u0647\u0640\/1985\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 20|1985\">[90]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-34\">\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/h2>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-35\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631. \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Islamic-architecture\" title=\"91|Islamic architecture - Moorish, Ottoman &amp; Persian|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[91]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0634\u064f\u064a\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 691\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 706\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Islamic-architecture\" title=\"91|Islamic architecture - Moorish, Ottoman &amp; Persian|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[91]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u064f\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 784\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 850 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Mosque-Cathedral-of-Cordoba\" title=\"92|Mosque-Cathedral of C\u00f3rdoba|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[92]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u063a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Islamic-architecture\" title=\"91|Islamic architecture - Moorish, Ottoman &amp; Persian|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[91]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td>691\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td>706\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td>784\u0645 (\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td>970\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 13-14\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0622\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 (\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1453\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td>1557\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-36\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ducksters.com\/history\/islam\/trade_and_commerce.php\" title=\"93|Trade and Commerce|Ducksters: History of the Early Islamic World|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[93]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.the-map-as-history.com\/origins-of-islam-and-the-arabo-muslim-empire\/the-islamic-empire-at-the-heart-of-commerce-in-the-medieval-world\" title=\"94|The Islamic Empire at the heart of commerce in the medieval world|The Map as History|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[94]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reviewofreligions.org\/41191\/trade-and-commerce-during-the-islamic-golden-age\/\" title=\"95|Trade and Commerce During the Islamic Golden Age|The Review of Religions|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[95]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0643\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u062c\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ducksters.com\/history\/islam\/trade_and_commerce.php\" title=\"93|Trade and Commerce|Ducksters: History of the Early Islamic World|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[93]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"#\" title=\"96|\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a (\u062a 774\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1417-1420\u0647\u0640\/1997\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 12|1997\">[96]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-37\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0635 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0643\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Hanafiyah\" title=\"102|Hanafi school|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[102]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<\/td>\n<td>767\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0633<\/td>\n<td>795\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a<\/td>\n<td>820\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644<\/td>\n<td>855\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0635 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Abu-Hanifah\" title=\"103|Abu Hanifah|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[103]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Hanabilah\" title=\"104|Hanbali school|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[104]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u00ab\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"#\" title=\"105|\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621|\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a (\u062a 748\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0624\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c 1405\u0647\u0640\/1985\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 11|1985\">[105]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-38\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Arabic_literature\" title=\"106|Arabic literature|New World Encyclopedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[106]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Al-Muallaqat-Arabic-literature\" title=\"107|Al-Mu&amp;apos;allaqat|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[107]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/19\/the-abbasid-period\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u064d \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Arabic_literature\" title=\"106|Arabic literature|New World Encyclopedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[106]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/19\/the-abbasid-period\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/a> \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a 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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <a href=\"#\" title=\"108|\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a (\u062a 774\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1417-1420\u0647\u0640\/1997\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 10|1997\">[108]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/a-global-civilization-founded\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"#\" title=\"109|\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u062a 630\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1407\u0647\u0640\/1987\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 8|1987\">[109]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"koz-h-39\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/a-global-civilization-founded\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/20\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/a>\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/industrial-revolution\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/20\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/a-global-civilization-founded\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Bayt-al-Hikmah\" title=\"48|Bayt al-Hikmah - House of Wisdom|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[48]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-40\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/01\/baitul-hikma\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\">\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/a> \u0628\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u064f\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00abalgebra\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u00bb<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/al-Khwarizmi\" title=\"49|Al-Khwarizmi - Biography &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[49]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u00abAlgoritmi\u00bb \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00abalgorithm\u00bb (\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/List_of_English_words_of_Arabic_origin\" title=\"110|List of English words of Arabic origin|Grokipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[110]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/kalimah-center.com\/english-words-of-arabic-origin\/\" title=\"111|30+ English Words Of Arabic Origin|KALIMAH|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[111]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/19\/the-voyages-of-christopher\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633\">\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633<\/a> \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"#\" title=\"112|\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a (\u062a 774\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1417-1420\u0647\u0640\/1997\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 11|1997\">[112]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-41\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/jbima.com\/article\/bimaristans-services-and-their-educational-role-in-islamic-medical-history-and-their-influence-on-modern-medicine-and-hospitals\/\" title=\"113|Bimaristans: Services and Educational Role|Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association|2021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[113]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0646\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/full\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.91171.2008\" title=\"114|Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age|Journal of Applied Physiology|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[114]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u0646\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1628\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/full\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.91171.2008\" title=\"114|Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age|Journal of Applied Physiology|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[114]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u00bb \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/al-Khwarizmi\" title=\"49|Al-Khwarizmi - Biography &amp; Facts|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[49]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-42\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1206\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/muslimheritage.com\/islamic-automation-al-jazaris-book-of-knowledge-of-ingenious-mechanical-devices\/\" title=\"115|Islamic Automation: Al-Jazari&amp;apos;s Book|Muslim Heritage|2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[115]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0643 \u0634\u0627\u0641\u062a) \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0633 \u0622\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a\u00bb<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/historiafactory.wordpress.com\/2016\/06\/19\/al-jazari-1136-1206-the-founder-of-robotics\/\" title=\"116|Al-Jazari: The Founder of Robotics|Historia Factory|2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[116]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.realloreandorder.com\/ingenious-mechanical-devices-al-jazaris-book-of-innovation\/\" title=\"117|Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Al-Jazari&amp;apos;s Book of Innovation|Real Lore and Order|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[117]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-43\">\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1085\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0646\u00bb\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/eurasia.sil.org\/culture-and-society\/history_and_religion\/a_bridge_between_two_medieval_worlds_an_account_of_the_toledo_tr\" title=\"118|A Bridge Between Two Medieval Worlds|SIL in Eurasia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[118]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0637\u064a\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u00bb \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Gerard-of-Cremona\" title=\"119|Gerard of Cremona|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[119]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0940960215000047\" title=\"120|Toledo School of Translators and their influence on anatomical terminology|ScienceDirect|2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[120]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-44\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062d\u00bb (The Commentator)\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/philopedia.org\/philosophers\/averroes-ibn-rushd\/\" title=\"121|Averroes (Ibn Rushd)|Philopedia|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[121]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/20\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/a> \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.davidpublisher.com\/Public\/uploads\/Contribute\/6215969d7f635.pdf\" title=\"122|Revisiting Averroes&amp;apos; Influence on Western Philosophy|David Publisher|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[122]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Latin Averroism)\u060c \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/handwiki.org\/wiki\/Philosophy:Averroism\" title=\"123|Averroism|HandWiki|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[123]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-45\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a: \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/a-global-civilization-founded\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/arabify.org\/arabic-words-in-english\" title=\"124|50+ Arabic Words in English|Arabify|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[124]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Algebra (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\/\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Algorithm (\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a (\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645)<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zero \/ Cipher (\u0635\u0641\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>\u0635\u0650\u0641\u0652\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Alcohol (\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 (\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Alkali (\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0644\u0652\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Chemistry (\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Admiral (\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Average (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637)<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sugar \/ Syrup (\u0633\u0643\u0631\/\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628)<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0631 \/ \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tariff (\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/List_of_English_words_of_Arabic_origin\" title=\"110|List of English words of Arabic origin|Grokipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[110]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-46\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/a-global-civilization-founded\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u00ab\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u00bb \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0630\u0651\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"#\" title=\"125|\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e|\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u062a 630\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1407\u0647\u0640\/1987\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 9|1987\">[125]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-47\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u00ab\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Abu-Musa-Jabir-ibn-Hayyan\" title=\"126|Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[126]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0642\u00bb (Alembic)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/science\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/jabir-ibn-hayyan-geber\" title=\"127|Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)|Encyclopedia.com|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[127]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/alhassanain.org\/english\/?com=content&amp;id=36\" title=\"128|Jabir Ibn Haiyan: the Father of Chemistry|Al-Hassanain|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[128]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u00abGeber\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/20\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%89\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00abalkali\u00bb (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0644\u0652\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabamerica.com\/jabir-ibn-hayyan-the-father-of-chemistry\/\" title=\"129|Jabir ibn Hayyan: The Father of Chemistry|Arab America|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[129]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-48\">\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642: \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 751\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/everything-everywhere.com\/a-brief-history-of-paper\/\" title=\"130|A Brief History of Paper|Everything Everywhere|2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[130]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 793\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.paperpapers.com\/news\/the-history-of-paper\/\" title=\"131|The History of Paper|PaperPapers Blog|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[131]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0642 (\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/01\/baitul-hikma\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\">\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/a> \u0628\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/muslimheritage.com\/paper-industry\/\" title=\"132|The Beginning of the Paper Industry|Muslim Heritage|2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[132]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptsleiden.com\/2025\/11\/12\/the-page-that-changed-the-world-how-paper-revolutionized-islamic-manuscripts\/\" title=\"133|The Page That Changed the World|Islamic Manuscripts Press of Leiden|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[133]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-49\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1154\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u00bb\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631\u00bb (Tabula Rogeriana) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/factumfoundation.org\/our-projects\/digital-restorations\/re-creating-the-lost-map-of-al-idrisi\/al-idrisi-and-roger-ii-mapping-the-world-in-the-twelfth-century\/\" title=\"134|al-Idrisi and Roger II: Mapping The World|Factum Foundation|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[134]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 22900 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.pub\/entry\/31294\" title=\"135|Geography and Cartography in Medieval Islam|Encyclopedia MDPI|2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[135]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/19\/the-voyages-of-christopher\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633\">\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633<\/a> \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <a href=\"https:\/\/800arabia.org\/mohammad-al-idrisi-and-the-impact-of-rogers-map\/\" title=\"136|Mohammad Al-Idrisi And The Impact Of Roger&amp;apos;s Map|800Arabia|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[136]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-50\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a-\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-coffee\" title=\"137|History of coffee|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[137]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0627\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <a href=\"https:\/\/coffeegeek.com\/blog\/history\/yemen-the-ancient-origins-of-coffee\/\" title=\"138|Yemen: The Ancient Origins of Coffee|CoffeeGeek|2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[138]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0641\u062a\u064f\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0647\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645 1475\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0647\u064a (\u00ab\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0629\u00bb) \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u0650\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/islamicresearchsite.com\/2025\/08\/21\/muslims-and-the-history-of-coffee-from-ancient-origins-to-global-phenomenon\/\" title=\"139|Muslims and The History of Coffee|Scientific and Islamic Researches|2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[139]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/19\/%d8%b9%d8%b5%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b1\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\">\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/a-global-civilization-founded\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.folger.edu\/blogs\/shakespeare-and-beyond\/islamic-history-of-coffee\/\" title=\"140|Early modern coffee culture and history in the Islamic world|Folger Shakespeare Library|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[140]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-51\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/a-global-civilization-founded\/\" class=\"cl-auto-link\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/arab-agricultural-revolution\" title=\"141|Arab Agricultural Revolution|EBSCO Research|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[141]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0630\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <a href=\"https:\/\/theregno.substack.com\/p\/the-islamic-green-revolution-how\" title=\"142|The Islamic Green Revolution: How Arab Agronomists Reinvented Sicily|The Regno|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[142]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00bb (Qanat)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u062e \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0648\u00bb (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a)\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/theregno.substack.com\/p\/the-islamic-green-revolution-how\" title=\"142|The Islamic Green Revolution: How Arab Agronomists Reinvented Sicily|The Regno|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[142]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/arab-agricultural-revolution\" title=\"141|Arab Agricultural Revolution|EBSCO Research|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[141]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <a href=\"https:\/\/islam.fandom.com\/wiki\/Islamic_Agricultural_Revolution\" title=\"143|Islamic Agricultural Revolution|Islam Wiki|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[143]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-52\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/al-Battani\" title=\"144|Al-Battani|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[144]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/stellarnomads.com\/al-battani\/\" title=\"145|Al-Battani: Astronomer, Inventions &amp; Contributions|Stellar Nomads|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[145]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 365 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u06485 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064846 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064824 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<sup class=\"ref\"><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <a href=\"https:\/\/grokipedia.com\/page\/Al-Battani\" title=\"146|al-Battani|Grokipedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[146]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0626\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <a href=\"https:\/\/kids.kiddle.co\/Al-Battani\" title=\"147|al-Battani facts|Kiddle Encyclopedia|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[147]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"koz-h-53\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 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630\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1407\u0647\u0640\/1987\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0640 8|1987\">[148]<\/a><br \/>\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0627 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\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Kemal-Ataturk\/The-Turkish-republic\" title=\"84|Kemal Atat\u00fcrk - Turkish Republic, Modernization, Reforms|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[84]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Bayt-al-Hikmah\" title=\"48|Bayt al-Hikmah - House of Wisdom|Britannica|2026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[48]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<sup class=\"ref\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2012\/12\/18\/global-religious-landscape-exec\/\" title=\"3|The Global Religious Landscape|Pew Research Center|2012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1955,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1950","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-94"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1950","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1950"}],"version-history":[{"count":69,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1950\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4360,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1950\/revisions\/4360"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1950"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1950"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1950"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}