{"id":1730,"date":"2026-05-17T13:15:31","date_gmt":"2026-05-17T09:45:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=1730"},"modified":"2026-05-17T13:15:33","modified_gmt":"2026-05-17T09:45:33","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wiki\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n \n

\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n

\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f.[1]<\/a><\/sup> \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 30 \u0642.\u0645.[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/th>\n \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/th>\n \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/th>\n \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u2014 30 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/th>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0631)[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629<\/th>\n \u0646\u062d\u0648 3150 \u0642.\u0645[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n 30 \u0642.\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a)[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/th>\n \u0645\u0645\u0641\u064a\u0633<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 138 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627\u064b[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/th>\n \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n\n <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633<\/h2>\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 3150 \u0642.\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a.[4]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b.[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (~2686 \u2013 2181 \u0642.\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0641\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 (~2055 \u2013 1650 \u0642.\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (~1550 \u2013 1070 \u0642.\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1279-1213 \u0642.\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642<\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644.[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/h3>\n

\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645<\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n

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