{"id":1539,"date":"2026-08-08T00:27:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-08T00:27:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=1539"},"modified":"2026-08-08T00:27:54","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T00:27:54","slug":"great-northern-wars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/08\/great-northern-wars\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629
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\n\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1700-1709)<\/p>\n

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\n\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0627: \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n

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\n\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (1709-1718)<\/p>\n

\n\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1713 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643[30]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1713 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0633 (\u0647\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0643\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 (\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0648) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627[31]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1714 \u06481721 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631” \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642[32]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1714 \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0648\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649[33]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1714 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627[34]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1714 \u06481715 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629[35]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1715 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1714 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627[36]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1716\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639[37]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1718 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1718 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647[38]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (1719-1721)<\/p>\n

\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0633\u0647-\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644[39]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627[40]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1719 \u06481721\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1720 \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627[42]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1720 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u063a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0641\u064a\u063a[43]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1720 \u062e\u0627\u0636 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645[44]<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1721\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629[45]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

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