{"id":1424,"date":"2026-08-04T01:58:08","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T01:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=1424"},"modified":"2026-08-04T02:00:17","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T02:00:17","slug":"zionism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/04\/zionism\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u060c Zionism) \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064c \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a.[1]<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644 (1860\u20131904\u0645) \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Der Judenstaat) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1896\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0651\u062c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1897\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00bb.[2]<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064f \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1917\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0643\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1922\u0645.[3]<\/a><\/sup> \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1948\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0643\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064f\u062c\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.\n<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Zionism \/ \u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633<\/td>\n1897\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633<\/td>\n\u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644 (1860\u20131904\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 (\u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u064e\u0646<\/td>\n\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1896\u0645<\/td>\n\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1897\u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2014 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1917\u0645<\/td>\n\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1920\u0645<\/td>\n\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648 \u2014 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1948\u0645<\/td>\n\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n\u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n\u062d\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0632\u0626\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\n

\n\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Antisemitism) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1881 \u06481884\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0631\u062d \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u00bb (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1882 \u06481903\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u00ab\u0623\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u00bb (Hovevei Zion) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u064e\u0651\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0647\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0645\u00bb (1862\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u00bb (1882\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0647\u0634\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644.[4]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644<\/h3>\n

\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1894\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629. \u062e\u0644\u0635 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646.[5]<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1896\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0633 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Der Judenstaat) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b 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\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1897\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (Stadtcasino) \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064b 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\u0628\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0634\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1905\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644.\n<\/p>\n

\n \u00ab\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643.\u00bb
\n \u2014 \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1897\u0645<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Cultural Zionism) \u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064e\u0639\u0627\u0645 (Asher Ginzberg) \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062c \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0633\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0639\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064c \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064e \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.[9]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n

\n\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Labor Zionism) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u00ab\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u00bb \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064e \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u2014 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0630\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0633 (Kibbutz) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.[10]<\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/h3>\n

\n\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0632\u0626\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1925\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 (Revisionist Zionism) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0641\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u00ab\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u00bb \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629.[11]<\/a><\/sup> \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u00bb (Betar) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1923\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u062b\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0625\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0644\u00bb (Irgun) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0651 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1935\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a> (1914\u20131918\u0645) \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a 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