{"id":1415,"date":"2026-08-04T01:55:24","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T01:55:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=1415"},"modified":"2026-08-04T01:55:24","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T01:55:24","slug":"g-id1indus-valleyg","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/04\/g-id1indus-valleyg\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u064e\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 2600 \u06481900 \u0642.\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649
\n [1]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u064c \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0635\u062d\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0645\u064f\u063a\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a
\n [2]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0632 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.\n<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nIndus Valley Civilization \/ Harappan Civilization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n\u0646\u062d\u0648 3300 \u2013 1300 \u0642.\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n2600 \u2013 1900 \u0642.\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1,500,000 \u0643\u0645\u00b2 (\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1400 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 ~200 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0642\u064e\u0651\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n\u0646\u062d\u0648 5 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f (400-600 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648-\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0630\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0631\u062e\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u0627<\/td>\n\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0647\u0646\u064a \u2014 1921\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648-\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648<\/td>\n\u0631. \u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a \u2014 1922\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0635\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f: \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f (\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0632\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064b \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0631\u064c \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631-\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0641\u0651 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u064b \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b
\n [3]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n [4]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (2600\u20131900 \u0642.\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\n \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2600 \u06481900 \u0642.\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648-\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639: \u0641\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 (1:2:4) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u064f\u062d\u0650\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0621\u0629
\n [5]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 (1900\u20131300 \u0642.\u0645)<\/h3>\n

\n \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1900 \u06481700 \u0642.\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0651\u0631” (deurbanization)\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0647\u0645\u064e\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 1500 \u0642.\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0651\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0641\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 1500 \u06481300 \u0642.\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u062e\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a
\n [6]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

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\n [8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

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\n [9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

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\n [10]<\/a><\/sup>\u061f
\n \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 “\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628.\n<\/p>\n

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\n [11]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n [12]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

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\n \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064f\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064e\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0642\u064a\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629: \u0641\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062e\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648-\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 “\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645” (Mother Goddess) \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0634\u064e\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629
\n [13]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639<\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2>\n

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\n [14]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u062d\u062f\u062b 4.2 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629” (4.2 Kiloyear Event) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2200 \u06482000 \u0642.\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629: \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/h3>\n

\n \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648-\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648-\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0634\u064e\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b
\n [15]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u063a\u0632\u064e \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644 “\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a” \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642.\n<\/p>\n

\n “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0630\u0647\u0651\u0628\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0635\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.”
\n \u2014 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u0646 Mark Kenoyer\u060c Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization\u060c Oxford University Press\u060c 1998<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645: \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n

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