{"id":1394,"date":"2026-08-04T01:48:48","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T01:48:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=1394"},"modified":"2026-08-04T01:48:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T01:48:48","slug":"mayan-civilization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/04\/mayan-civilization\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 2000 \u0642.\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a
\n [1]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0651\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645
\n [2]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a (250\u2013900\u0645) \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646.\n<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/td>\nMaya Civilization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0646\u062d\u0648 2000 \u0642.\u0645 \u2013 1697\u0645 (\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (30+ \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 (\u0625\u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n10\u201315 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 (600\u2013900\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643<\/td>\n\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0628 (365 \u064a\u0648\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 (260 \u064a\u0648\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0643\u060c \u062a\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n

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\n [3]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n [4]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n [5]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621
\n [6]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (900\u20131524\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631” \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647 (1524\u20131697\u0645)<\/h3>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 (syllabic) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (logographic) \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0651 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a 90% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629
\n [7]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639: \u0641\u064f\u0646\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627) \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0622\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643<\/h3>\n

\n \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a (\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629
\n [8]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 (Tzolk’in) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 260 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0628 (Haab’) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 365 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 “\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645” (Calendar Round) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 52 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 (Long Count)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 3114 \u0642.\u0645) \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062f\u0646 -\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629- \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a
\n [9]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

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\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0647: \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0647 (Popol Vuh) \u0623\u064a “\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629” \u0623\u0648 “\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633” \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649: \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647
\n [10]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

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\n [11]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/h2>\n

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\n [12]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628 (corbelled arch)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0635\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u063a\u0637\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b.\n<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/h2>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

\n \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 (city-states) \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 (\u0628\u064f\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0648 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f: \u0641\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629
\n [13]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064e\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628.\n<\/p>\n

\n “\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0632\u0631\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.”
\n \u2014 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 David Webster\u060c The Fall of the Ancient Maya\u060c Thames and Hudson\u060c 2002<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/h3>\n

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