{"id":1161,"date":"2026-08-03T00:47:11","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T00:47:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/?p=1161"},"modified":"2026-08-08T00:57:39","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T00:57:39","slug":"franco-prussian-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/2026\/08\/03\/franco-prussian-war\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (18 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1871)\u060c \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
COSMALORE \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0631\u062b \u062d\u0631\u0628 1866 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n

\n\u062a\u062c\u0630\u064e\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 1870 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1866\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a “\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629”\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629
\n[3]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0628\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a.\n<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0633<\/h3>\n

\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1868\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627
\n[4]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0634\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u064e\u0651 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0631\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0623\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0636\u062e\u0650\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0638\u0627\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0633”
\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0648\u064e\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1870 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646
\n[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u060c
\n\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648. \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u064e\u0651\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f: \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627
\n[6]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

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\n[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u060c
\n\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f
\n[8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0650\u0651 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629
\n[9]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n[8]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

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\n[10]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n[9]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0630\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1870 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 “\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a” \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0647\u064e\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629
\n[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\n\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1870\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0646\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639
\n[11]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u064e\u0651 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0643\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0650\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629
\n[12]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064e\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0632 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0646\u064f\u0635\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0628\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627
\n[8]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n[13]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0650\u0651 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062e \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1870\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0643 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064e\u0651 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1870\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627
\n[10]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1871\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627) \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0650\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627
\n[14]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a: \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0629.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/h2>\n

\n\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0630\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1871 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640”\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633”\u060c \u0634\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646
\n[12]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u062b\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1871\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a”\u060c \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629
\n[14]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0634\u0643\u064e\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a<\/h2>\n

\n\u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1871\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0629
\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n[15]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0643 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629
\n[13]<\/a><\/sup>.
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064e\u0651\u0639.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

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\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n[1]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n[16]<\/a><\/sup>.\n<\/p>\n

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\n[4]<\/a><\/sup>.
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\n

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\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1163,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,3,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1161","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-ancient-history","category-wars"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1161"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1161\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1656,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1161\/revisions\/1656"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1163"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1161"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1161"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cosmalore.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}